IT Infrastructures and emerging

technologies
N Siva Prasad
 Introduction
• Infrastructure
– The basic facilities, physical and organisational
structures and facilities needed for the operation of a
society or organisation or a function.
– Transportation, communication, sewage, water,
electric systems etc. are examples of infrastructure.
IT Infrastructure thus includes hardware, software and
services such as maintenance, consultation,
certification, training etc. needed for information
systems.
 IT Infrastructure
• Computing platforms
• Telecommunication services
• Data management services
• Application software services
• Physical installations/facilities
• IT management services
• IT standards services(compliance)
• IT education services
• IT research and development services
• Internet facilities
 Technology Development
• Computing(Computers)
• Connecting ( Internet)
• Communication( wireline or wireless)
– Hardware
– Software
– Supporting services( standards, power, security,
speed,compatibility, storage etc)
– Others(demand, cost, ease of use etc.)
 Evolution of IT Infrastructure
• General purpose mainframe
• Minicomputer computing
• Personal computers
• Client server networks
• Enterprise computing
• Cloud and mobile computing
 Other Classification
• Based on capacity and size
– Super computers
– Mainframe computers
– Minicomputers
– Microcomputers
– Personal devices like laptop, notebook etc.
– Personal digital assistants
– Smart phones???
Size varies from a large room/hall to palmtop
 Technology Drivers
• Chip design to cater for large scale
integration(VLSI)
– to increase computing power( MIPS)
– PCBs with populated transistors and circuits
– Nano technology
– Mass storage devices
• Efforts to reduce cost and size of computing and
storage devices
• Efforts to reduce power consumption and
peripherals
• Reduce communication costs and internet
 Standards
• General purpose usage(codes, interfaces,
protocols etc.)
• Flexibility in choosing elements in a network
– (restrict monopoly)
• Following standards ensuring compatibility
• Scalability through integration
( different elements from different companies)
• Certifications and audits to ensure compliance
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange, or ASCII code, was created in 1963 by the
"American Standards Association" Committee or "ASA", the agency changed its name in 1969 by "American
National Standards Institute" or "ANSI" as it is known since.

This code arises from reorder and expand the set of symbols and characters already used in telegraphy at
that time by the Bell company.

At first only included capital letters and numbers , but in 1967 was added the lowercase letters and some
control characters, forming what is known as US-ASCII, ie the characters 0 through 127.
So with this set of only 128 characters was published in 1967 as standard, containing all you need to write in
English language.

In 1981, IBM developed an extension of 8-bit ASCII code, called "code page 437", in this version were
replaced some obsolete control characters for graphic characters. Also 128 characters were added , with
new symbols, signs, graphics and latin letters, all punctuation signs and characters needed to write texts in
other languages, ​such as Spanish.
In this way was added the ASCII characters ranging from 128 to 255.

IBM includes support for this code page in the hardware of its model 5150, known as "IBM-PC", considered
the first personal computer.
The operating system of this model, the "MS-DOS" also used this extended ASCII code.
Almost all computer systems today use the ASCII code to represent characters and texts. (170) .
 Software is a set of program which are designed to perform a well-defined function.
A program is a sequence of instructions written to save a particular problem.

Software are two types

a. System software
b. Application software
1-System software
The system software is a collection eloigned to operate control and extern the processing capabilities of
the computer it off. System software serve as the interface between hardware and the end users.
Features of system software are the following.

2-Applicationsoftware

Application software are the software that are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular
environment. All software prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of Application software.
3. Computer hardware
Represents the physical and tangible components of the computer i.e. the components that can be seen and
touched. Examples of hardware are following.
a. Input devices:- Keyboard, Mouse ,etc
b. Output devices :- printer monitor, etc
c. Secondary storage devices:- Hard disk CD, DVD, etc.
 Components/ Eco Systems
• Computer Hardware platforms
– Dell,IBM,Sun
• Operating systems platforms
– Unix, windows etc. ( Android,iOS for smartphones)
• Enterprise software applications
– SAP, MS Project,LOTUS Notes
• Networking/Telecommunications
– AT&T,Nortel,CISCO
• Consultants and system integrators
– IBM etc.
• Data Management and storage
– SQL Server, EMC Systems
• Internet platforms
– CISCO,Java
 Hardware Platform trends
• Mobile digital platform
• Grid computing
• Virtualisation
 Software Trends
• Open source software
• Software for the Web
– Java
– Ajax
• Web services
• Enterprise applications
• Off the shelf applications
• Cloud based software services and tools
• Standard applications
 Other features
• Multimedia
• Graphics
• Animation
• High resolution
• Customised applications
Wireless communication
LTE Evolution
LTE Services
M2M Technologies

 Remote Asset Management

• Telecom Infrastructure
 Automated Meter Reading (e-Metering)
 Energy Technology Solutions
 Fleet Management Solution
 Remote Condition Monitoring and Predictive
Maintenance
 Input Output Devices
or peripherals
• Keyboard
• Display screen
• Printers( inkjet ,dot matrix ,laser etc.)
• Disk drives
• Voice and video ( mike, speaker, camera etc.)
 Cloud Computing- features
• On demand self service
• Flexibility in accessing devices
• Location independency
• Rapid elasticity
• Measured service for charging
 Cloud Computing Services
• Infrastructure as service
• Platform as a service
• Software as a service
• Green Computing
• Autonomic Computing( self test and heal)
Considerations for decision making
• Demand in the market for the organisation
– Need analysis
– Feasibility analysis (cost,time utility etc)
• Business strategy
• IT strategy and infrastructure strategy
• Information technology
• Competitor’s IT services
• Competitors IT infra investments
• Cost affordability and effectiveness
 Other considerations
• Compatibility
• Expandability
• Reliability
• Maintainability
• Timing of acquisition
• Rent/lease or buy decision
• Vendor selection
• Installation, training and maintenance
• Operating cost and associated costs
• OHS
 Technology-discussion
• Touch screens and applications
– Single touch
– Multiple fingers
– Pinching
– Squeezing in and out
– Scrolling
– Tapping
 Intel Core i7-6700K (or AMD Ryzen 7
Processor:
1800X)
Graphics Card: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 Ti

Motherboard: ASUS MAXIMUS VIII HERO

The rebranding might sound like marketing hype, but it’s not—or at least not
entirely. Intel’s Core i9 is the first consumer desktop processor to cram 18 cores
and 36 threads into a single piece of silicon, a feat that enables the kind of full-
throttle task-juggling that a world full of 4K video and virtual reality demands.

The more cores and threads a single CPU contains, the more dedicated tasks
it can manage simultaneously without sacrificing performance.
AMD Ryzen 7 1800X
Finally! A worth rival to Intel's best
Processor Cores: 8 | Thermal Design Power: 95W | Clock Speed:
3.6GHz | Processor Socket: AM4 | Cache: 20.8MB
 For Mobile Platforms
•Qualcomm Snapdragon 820.
•Samsung Exynos 8 Octa.
•MediaTek Helio X30.

At this year’s recently concluded CES technology tradeshow, Qualcomm unveiled

its next-generation mobile SoC. Dubbed Snapdragon 835, the chipset is one of the
most powerful processors available in the market. Right now, there are no
smartphones that come with the Snapdragon 835. That said, it’ll surely power
majority of the upcoming flagships this year. Wondering which smartphones are
expected to use Qualcomm’s new powerful yet efficient SoC
A system-on-a-chip (SoC) is a microchip with all the necessary electronic circuits
and parts for a given system, such as a smartphone or wearable computer, on a
single integrated circuit (IC).

Service-oriented communications (SOC) technologies are designed to be easily used

in the context of service-oriented architectures. These technologies are generally
software based and are built more like a business application than a traditional PBX
business communications system.
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux
kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones
and tablets. ... As of May 2017, Android has two billion monthly active users, and it
has the largest installed base of any operating system.

The latest version is Android 7 Nougat, which will become available for more
devices over the coming months though can now get Android O in beta form.
Marshmallow is 6.x, Lollipop is 5.x, KitKat is version 4.4.x, and 4.3, 4.2 and 4.1 are
all Jelly Bean.Jun 2, 2017
The SahasraT. Image: The Indian Institute of Science.
Roll back time a half-century or so and the smallest computer in the world was a
gargantuan machine that filled a room. When transistors and integrated circuits
were developed, computers could pack the same power into microchips as big as
your fingernail. So what if you build a room-sized computer today and fill it full of
those same chips? What you get is a supercomputer—a computer that's millions of
times faster than a desktop PC and capable of crunching the world's most complex
scientific problems. What makes supercomputers different from the machine you're
using right now? Let's take a closer look!
 Cray XC-40 Cluster (1468 Intel
Xeon E5-2680 v3 @ 2.5 GHz
dual twelve-core processor CPU-
only nodes, 48 [Intel Xeon E5-
2695v2 @ 2.4 Ghz single twelve-
Supercomputer Education and core processor+Intel Xeon Phi
Research Centre (SERC), Indian 5120D] Xeon-phi nodes, 44
Institute of Science (IISc), [Intel Xeon E5-2695v2 @ 2.4
Bangalore Ghz single twelve-core
processor+NVIDIA K40 GPUs]
GPU nodes) w/ Cray Aries
Interconnect. HPL run on only
1296 CPU-only nodes.
OEM: Cray Inc., Bidder: Cray
Supercomputers India Pvt. Ltd.
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for
retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.
An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) that
may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content.[1] Hyperlinks present in
resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.
Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also
be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in
file systems.
The most popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge (preceded by
Internet Explorer),[2][3][4] Safari, Opera and Firefox.
HTML is a markup language that is used to build static (non interactive and nonanimated)
webpages.
XHTML is an xml markup language that mirrors HTML syntaxes.
HTML5 is the latest revision of HTML containing much better support for media like video and
audio tags.
DHTML stands for Dynamic HTML and is a combination of static code like HTML, and dynamic
scripting languages like JavaScript, used to create interactive and animated websites.
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for
encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is
defined in the XML1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related
specifications, all freeopen standards.
Difference between CSS2 and CSS3

CSS3 is divided into many different documents called Modules. Every module adds new
capability or extends features defined in CSS2 over preserving backward compatibility. Work
on CSS3 started around the time of publication of the original CSS2 recommendation.
Because of the modularization in CSS3, every modules has different stability and is in different
status.
The CSS3 version supports many more browsers than CSS2.
CSS3 has other added features such as new combinator, new CSS selectors, new pseudo-
elements and new style properties
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is a new technique for
creating better, faster, and more interactive web applications with the help of XML,
HTML, CSS, and Java Script. Ajax uses XHTML for content, CSS for presentation,
along with Document Object Model and JavaScript for dynamic content display.

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript And XML. In a nutshell, it is the use of the
XMLHttpRequest object to communicate with servers. It can send and receive
information in various formats, including JSON, XML, HTML, and text files
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the
presentation of a document written in a markup language.

Some of the most important CSS3 modules are:

Selectors
Box Model
Backgrounds and Borders
Image Values and Replaced Content
Text Effects
2D/3D Transformations
Animations
Multiple Column Layout
User Interface