SOCIOLOGY

socialization
SOCIALIZATION:
 Inducting an individual into society is called
Socialization.
 Process of training to adjust man in society.

 Man has to learn techniques of life to adjust

himself in different modes of life.
 The learning of techniques of social life is called
Socialization.
 “Socialisation is a process whereby one
internalises the norms of the groups among
whom one lives so that a unique “self”
emerges.” (Hortun & Hunt.)
TYPES OF SOCIALISATION:

Primary

Developmental Types Anticipatory

Re-
socialization
PRIMARY SOCIALISATION:
 Most essential and fundamental type
 Early years of life

 Focus is on language and cognitive skills

 Internalisation of norms and values.

ANTICIPATORY SOCIALISATION:
 Individual not only learns his own culture but
also learns the values and norms of other groups
.
 Men socialises themselves into the culture of a
group with the anticipation of joining that group.
DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALISATION:
 Kind of learning based on the achievements of
primary Socialisation.
 It builds on already acquired skills and
knowledge as the adult progress through new
situations such as marriage, new job.
 New learning combine with old skills.
RE- SOCIALISATION:
 It takes place when social role is radically
changed.
 It happens when new social roles emerge or
during social mobility process.
METHODS OF SOCIALISATION:

• Individual learns the

fundamental culture patterns
Cultural • Process of learning by repetition
• Humans are Conditioned to
conditioning behave in a given social
situation.

• Learning through experiences.

Personal • This becomes part of his
personality structure.
social • Socially learnt behaviour
learning (through interaction)
Individual
as a social
product????
SOURCES / AGENCIES OF SOCIALISATION:

The family peers

Literature
Social
and Mass
institutions
media

The
community
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIALISATION:
 It converts humans from biological beings to
human beings.
 It Contributes in personality development.

 It Helps to become disciplined.

 It Helps to perform different roles.

 It Establishes knowledge and skills

 It Contributes in stability of social order.

CULTURE AND SOCIALISATION:
Personality
is a product
of
socialisation

culture socialization personality

Culture
guides
socialisation
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND
SOCIAL MOBILITY
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
 Social stratification refers to arrangements of
any social group or society into hierarchy of
positions that are unequal with regard top power,
property, social evaluation and/or psychic
gratification. ( Melvin M. Tuman).
 The distribution of people of a society in groups
on the basis of their status is called Social
stratification .
 It may be on the basis of occupation. Caste,
education, sources of income, prestige and
political power.
DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION :

• Level of income
Economic • Size of landholding (rural)
resources • Businessman, govt officials,
industrialists (urban)

• Landlords, businessman, industrialists

(high class)
• Cultivators-cum-tenants, middle class
occupations serviceman(middle class)
• Menial workers,cobblers,blacksmith
(lower class)

• High prestige= most respectful

prestige • Nobility, social worker, honest,
trustworthy
 • More power=more

power
respect
• How political power
gained in Pakistan?

• Some castes are

caste
placed in high class
others in low class.
CLASS:
 “A group of people having more or less equal
economic resources and indicating similar
standard of living in a society.” Karl Marx
CLASSIFICATION OF CLASS:

Upper class Middle class Lower class

•Upper •Middle •Lower

upper upper upper
class class class
•Upper •Middle •Lower
middle middle middle
class class class
•Upper •Middle •Lower
lower class lower class lower class
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTIC OF CLASS:
 A status group
 Based on achieved status

 Universal

 Open group

 Economic group

 Feeling of “class consciousness”

CASTE:
 A permanent group having its status ascribed at
birth.
 Membership is unchanging

 Hereditray
CHARACTERISTIC OF CASTE:

 Hierarchal division of society

 Close group

 Sub-culture

 It has its own informal method of Social control

CASTE:
Merits: Demerits:

• Creates social • Creates ethnocentrism

solidarity(baradari)

• Norms are forceful • Social mobility is slow

• endogamous • Exogamy is considered as

violation of norm.
Changes in caste system:
• Decline in respect of elders

• Less respect of norms

• exogamy

• Change in custom and tradition

Causes of change:
• Literacy rate

• Mass media

• consciousness

• Economic progress
Biradari???
?
SOCIAL MOBILITY:
 “Social mobility is a movement from one
condition to another.” Fairchild
 “Social mobility may be defined as the act of
moving from one social class to another.” Hortun
& Hunt.
 Types of social
mobility

Vertical: Intergeneratio
Territorial: Horizontal:
Change in nal:
change in Alteration of
absolute Between
residence profession
/relative rank generations

• Upward:
• peon to police E.g clerk in Father is a
constable education labourer
• Downward: department to and son is
• Police constable clerk in health a doctor
to gardener department
CAUSES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY:
 Dissatisfaction from previous condition
 Adoption of new condition

 Industrial development

 Education

 Urbanization

 Means of communication and transportation