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GEOFISIKA, GEOMORFOLOGI,
ASTRONOMI)
OLEH
ADI SUSILO , phd
(UGM, UGM, James Cook University)
Geoscientist
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA MALANG
Disampaikan dalam rangka ToT
Guru Pembimbing Olimpiade
Sains
Hotel
12/23/2019 10:15 PM
Royal Orchid dan
Purnama Batu,
Astronomi dan bencana iklim
Sugeng Riyanto, PhD
(UB, Curtin, Curtin)
12/23/2019 10:15 PM
Apa?
• Geologi
• Mineral
• Batuan beku
• Batuan sedimen
• Batuan Metamorf
• Gunungapi
• Plate Tectonic
• Struktur Geologi
• Gempa bumi
• Magnetik, gravity, kelistrikan, electromagnetik dll
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Plate Tectonics
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Adi Susilo
Lecture Outline
• Plate tectonics paradigm
• Plate tectonics as we understand it today
• Driving mechanisms
• Plate boundaries
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Science Revolutions or Paradigm
Shifts
Physics: Newtonian Mechanics, Relativity,
Quantum Mechanics
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Matching Fossils on Opposite Sides
of the Atlantic
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Theory of Plate Tectonics – Missing
Mechanism Discovered in the Oceans
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The Seafloor as Magnetic Tape Recorder
• During and after WWII, it was discovered that a
magnetic field was recorded in the ocean floor
• The magnetic polarity was symmetric on either
side of sub-sea volcanic ridges
• Volcanic ridges were discovered to be
spreading centers where new oceanic
lithosphere was created
• “Sea-floor spreading” provided the mechanism
for continental drift
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Geodynamic System of the Earth: Magnetic Field
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Recorded and Dated Polarity Reversals
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Creation of Magnetic Record at Sea-Floor
Spreading Centers
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The Ocean Drilling Project
Dating of oceanic
crust and overlying
sediment collected
during ocean
drilling revealed
that the crust is
youngest close to
mid-ocean ridges,
becomes
progressively older
farther away from
the ridge
JOIDES Resolution
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Age of Oceanic Crust – Symmetrical About Mid-
Ocean Ridges (Spreading Centers)
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More Discoveries
• Continents and oceans exist within larger
“plates”
• Plates
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10:15 PM in relationship to each other
Plate Tectonics as We Understand it Today
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Modern plate motions measured using GPS match
the motions predicted from geologic record
extremely well.
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Over 200 million years ago, all the continents
were assembled into one “super-continent”-
Pangea
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By ~150 Ma, the continents had started to break
apart. The Atlantic ocean was born where rifting
occurred.
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Rifting and seafloor spreading continued…
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…and continues today.
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Questions?
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Driving Mechanism of Plate
Tectonics
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Plate Tectonics
- Convection Driven
Deep internal
heat source –
mostly
radioactive
decay
Cold, dense Hot, buoyant
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Two Models of Mantle Convection
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Do All Planets Have Plate Tectonics?
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As plates age, they cool and become denser.
Plate movements are driven mostly by the pull of
sinking plates at subduction zones.
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What Happens at Plate Boundaries?
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Earthquake Locations
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Volcanic Activity
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Three Main Types of Plate Boundaries
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Divergent Boundaries
• Divergent boundaries occur at
zones of upwelling mantle
• Produces new oceanic
lithosphere
• Volcanism and shallow earthquakes
• Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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Divergent Plate Boundary
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Divergent Plate Boundaries
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Fig. 2.8
Conservative Boundaries
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The San Andreas fault is a classic example of a
conservative or transform plate boundary
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Convergent Boundaries
• The heavier (usually older) plate sinks beneath the lighter
plate = SUBDUCTION
• Subduction is associated with volcanic islands, deep ocean
trenches, coastal mountain ranges and earthquakes
(Ocean-Ocean) (Ocean-
Continent)
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Three Types of Convergent Boundaries
ocean–ocean Japan
ocean–continent Andes
continent–continent Himalaya
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Convergent Boundaries
• Relative densities are important:
continental crust ≈ 2.8 g/cm3
oceanic crust ≈ 3.2 g/cm3
asthenosphere ≈ 3.3 g/cm3
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Ocean-ocean plate boundary = Island arc
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Ocean-continent plate boundary = Continental arc
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Continent–Continent
• In ocean-ocean and ocean–continent
boundaries, collision convergence is
taken up by subduction of the denser
plate
• In continent–continent boundaries,
both plates are too light to be
subducted
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Continent-Continent Collision
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How do volcanic islands like Hawaii form?
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Summary
Plate tectonics provides an explanation for the
global distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes,
and mountain ranges