Digital Communication

Digital Representation of an
Analog signal
Digital Representation of an Analog signal
To Represent an Analog signal with a Digital Signal
Step1: Convert CT-CA signal to DT-CA (Sampling)

Step2: Convert DT-CA signal to DT-DA (Quantization)

But in computer system we represent in Binary form, so if we need we goto STEP3

Step3: Convert DT-DA signal to Binary form (Encoding)

 Sampling
• Why sample with 2*fm
• What is Guard Band (Speech)
Sampling of an Analog signal
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 proof of Sampling theorem part-1
Representation of x(t) interms of it's samples
1. define xᵟ(t)
2. Find fourier transform
3. Relation between X(f) and Xᵟ(f)
4. Relation between Xᵟ(f) and x(n*Ts)

TRANSMITTER
 proof of Sampling theorem part-2
Reconstruction of x(t) from it's samples
1. Find fourier transform X(f) interms of Xᵟ(f)
2. Find Inverse fourier transform
3. plot x(t)
4. reconstruct x(t) using Interpolation filter

RECEIVER
 SAMPLING THEOREM Observations
 The discrete-time Fourier transform defines the message spectrum in
terms of the uniformly spaced samples values g(n*Ts) for
 The interpolation formula defines the message signal g(t)in terms of
these same sample values.
• On the basis of these two formulas, we may now state the sampling
theorem for strictly band-limited signals of finite energy in two
equivalent parts:
 SAMPLING THEOREM
Analysis: A band-limited signal of finite energy that has no frequency
components higher than W hertz is completely described by
specifying the values of the signal at instants of time separated by
seconds.

Synthesis: A band-limited signal of finite energy that has no

frequency components higher than W hertz is completely recovered
from knowledge of its samples taken at the rate of 2W samples per
second.
 Combined Statement of
Sampling theorem
A continuous time signal can be completely described in

it's samples and recovered back if sampling frequency

is twice of the highest frequency content of the signal or

the bandwidth of the signal.