E-Commerce

By: Obaidullah Saidkhily

Department of BBA
 Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes

raw data as input from the user and processes it under

the control of set of instructions (called program), gives

the result (output), and saves it for the future use.

 A network of networks that covers the entire globe –
Internet.
 A powerful service of internet that provides
information – Web.
 Developed in 1990’s.
 Information on the web is stored in a file –
webpage.
 Database can be defined as an organized collection of related data.
 The word organized means that data is stored in such a way that the user
can:

 Store, manipulate and retrieve data easily

 The word “related” means that a database is normally

created to store the data about a particular topic.
 e.g. Student database contain information about the
student i.e his name, rollno, address, cellno, class etc..
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 Types of Data that a database Can store
 Structured
 Numeric
 Alphabetic
 Unstructured
 Images
 Audio
 Video
 Data can be stored in various forms like:
 relational database
▪ If data is stored in a tabular form then it is called a relational database

 hierarchical database
▪ When data is organized in a tree structure form
▪ It is called a hierarchical database.

 network database
▪ Data stored as graphs representing relationships between objects is
referred to as a network database. 7
Database Management System

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 A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs
that are used to create and mantian a database. DBMS is a general-
Purpose software system that provide the following facilities :
 1 It provide the facility to define the structure of the database. the user
can specify the data types, format, and constraints for the data to be
stored in the database
 2 it provide the facility to store the data on some storage medium that
is controlled by the DBMS
 3 it provide the facilities to insert ,delete , update and retrieve specfic
data for generation reports etc.

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 Hardware
 PC, workstation, mainframe, a network of computers.
 Software
 DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
 Data
 Used by the organization and a description of this data
called the schema.
 Procedures
 Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design
and use of the database and DBMS.
 People
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INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKING
Introduction of network
A network is simply a collection of computers or other hardware
devices that are connected together, either physically or logically,
using special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange
information.

Networking is the term that describes the processes involved in

designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise
working with networks and network technologies.
Definition
Network Definition
 A network can be defined as two or more
computers connected together in such a way that
they can share resources.

 The purpose of a network is to share resources.

A resource may be:
 A file
 A folder
 A printer
 A disk drive
Advantages of networking
 Connectivity and Communication
 Data Sharing
 Hardware Sharing
 Internet Access
 Internet Access Sharing
 Data Security and Management
 Performance Enhancement
The Disadvantages of Networking

 Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs

 Hardware and Software Management and
Administration Costs
 Undesirable Sharing
 Illegal or Undesirable Behavior
 Data Security Concerns
Fundamental Network Classifications
 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Networks (LANs):

A local area network (LAN) is a computer

network covering a small geographic area,
like a home, office, or group of buildings
The Local Network (LAN)

Client Client

Client Client

Client Client
 Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer
network that covers a broad area (i.e., any
network whose communications links
cross metropolitan, regional, or national
boundaries). Or, less formally, a network
that uses routers and public
communications links
 The largest and most well-known example
of a WAN is the Internet.
 Wide Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a
network that interconnects users with
computer resources in a geographic area
or region larger than that covered by even
a large local area network (LAN) but
smaller than the area covered by a wide
area network (WAN).
 Server computer is a core component of the
network, providing a link to the resources
necessary to perform any task.
 A server computer provides a link to the
resources necessary to perform any task.
 The link it provides could be to a resource
existing on the server itself or a resource on
a client computer.
 Client computers normally request and
receive information over the network client.
Client computers also depends primarily on
the central server for processing activities
A peer-to-peer network is a network where the
computers act as both workstations and servers.
 Great for small, simple, and inexpensive
networks.
 In a strict peer-to-peer networking setup, every
computer is an equal, a peer in the network.
 Each machine can have resources that are
shared with any other machine.
 Each of the devices usually runs similar
software. Any device can and will send requests
to any other.
Network Topologies
What is Network Topology
 “ “Topology defines the physical or the Logical
Agreement of Links in a Network”
 Mesh Topology
 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
a devices connected with multiple link
 Advantages of Mesh Topology
 Use of keen links guarantees that each connection can
carry its own load.
 This eliminates Traffic Problems as in case of Shared
Link
 Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
 Amount of Cabling
 Makes Installation & Reconfiguration difficult
 Sheer bulk of wiring can be greater than the available
space
A bus topology connects each computer (node)
to a single segment trunk.
 A ‘trunk’ is a communication line, typically coax
cable, that is referred to as the ‘bus.’ The signal
travels from one end of the bus to the other.
 A terminator is required at each end to absorb
the signal so it does not reflect back across the
bus.
All of the stations in a star topology are
connected to a central unit called a hub.
 The hub offers a common connection for all
stations on the network. Each station has its
own direct cable connection to the hub. In
most cases, this means more cable is required
than for a bus topology. However, this makes
adding or moving computers a relatively easy
task; simply plug them into a cable outlet on
the wall.
A ring topology consists of a set of stations
connected
serially by cable. In other words, it’s a circle or rin
of
computers. There are no terminated ends to the
cable; the signal
travels around the circle in a clockwise (or
anticlockwise)
direction.
 E-commerce is an abbreviation used for electronic commerce.

 It is the process through which the buying, selling, dealing, ordering

and paying for the goods and services are done over the internet is

known as e-commerce.

 In this type of online commercial transaction, the seller can

communicate with the buyer without having a face to face interaction

 Some examples of real world application of e-commerce are

online banking, online shopping, online ticket booking, social

networking, etc.

 The basic requirement of e-commerce is a website. The

marketing, advertising, selling and conducting transaction are

done with the help of internet.

1-Ubiquity- ‫حضور در همه جا‬
E-commerce is ubiquitous meaning that
it can be everywhere. E-commerce is
the worlds reduce distance required to
complete the task.
2-Global Reach- E-commerce allows
business transactions on the cross
country bound can be more convenient
and more effective as compared with
the traditional commerce.
3-Richness-
Advertising and branding are an important part of
commerce. E-commerce can deliver video, audio,
billboards and etc.

4-Interactivity-‫فعالیت دو جانبه‬
in Twentieth Century electronic commerce bring link
between user and computer which named as a interactive,
so they allow for two-way communication between
businesses and consumers.
5-Personalization-
E-commerce technology allows for personalization. Business can be
adjusted for a name, a person’s interests and past purchase message
objects and marketing message to a specific individual. The
technology also allows for custom. Merchants can change the product
or service based on user preferences, or previous behavior.
1. variety of products:-
In small cities or villages, people have to compromise due to the
small shops and a limited variety of products and services available
locally. Traditional brick and mortar shops and conventional
commerce is not able to satisfy customers in terms of variety.
Normally people have to visit 5 to 6 shoe stores in 1 market to buy
1 pair of shoes due to size, color, price or design problem, etc. And
it’s tough for retailers to provide all the variations. That’s why
eCommerce is important. It brings in more variety by expanding
the boundaries of traditional commerce
2. Lower Cost than traditional shopping and selling:-
Selling products and services online is less costly than
traditional methods. There are various high overhead
costs that are included in offline commerce.
Recurring expenses such as store management cost,
counter cost, inventory cost, security cost,
transportation cost, Shop rent, and salary, etc. So the
retailers cannot afford to sell the products at a low
cost.
That’s why e Commerce is important because it
reduces the fixed cost and variable cost and people
get the products and services at low cost.
3. Less time consuming.
If we talk about educational e Commerce then it’s really
changed the way people consume the products and services. For
example, traditionally it takes minimum 6 months course offline
to learn graphics designing. And people have to visit the study
center each day for 2-3 hours for a 6 month period. It’s not
providing flexibility, freedom for the learners to choose their own
hours, mood and best focused time of the day. Nor are the
teachers available all the time in the offline classroom. As a
result, it takes lots of time to build and improve the skills for
faster employment.
That’s why online courses, online degree programs are so
popular around the world. With eCommerce, students can pay
the course fees online, select any course, complete the course at
their own speed and time. It’s providing flexibility and freedom
for learners. That’s why online courses or educational
eCommerce is important in today’s time.
4. Transparent commerce system:-
Developing countries are trying to increase transparency in
the commercial activities to remove the corruption at
ground zero, where trillions of rupees are transacted
between buyers and sellers for goods and services. POS
(Point of Sale) machines, digital transactions, UID
integration with Bank accounts, etc. are few steps taken to
increase the transparency.
And in commercial transparency e Commerce is playing a
responsible role in explaining buyer’s and seller’s debit,
credit and bank account details. It enables
banks/government to check where they spend, wherefrom
they earn and how they earn and transfer, everything is
accounted for.
5. Faster business expansion
. One e Commerce website or online store is done its to
much easy to expand it,
6. Low maintenance cost:-
Ecommerce is an important profit driver for business. Most
of the things in the online store are automatic. Costs
incurred in everything from inventory, customer details,
payment details to product selection and management of
customers interests are lower than traditional commerce
expenses.
There are various online store builders, platforms, who
update automatically. Websites get automatic updates. Most
of the times, the investment in an online store is a one time
task. And the operational cost and maintenance cost is also
minimum
7. Multiple selling and marketing options:-
Buyers and sellers are free to choose any marketplace for
selling and buying their goods and services. There is almost
perfect competition in e Commerce. There is always more
than 1 company selling something to a person. Market rules
and opportunities are equal for everyone. Small
Business owners can market their products and services on
social media, search engines for free. In fact, even the
consumers buy services and goods after seeing the posts on
social media. Ecommerce platforms provided the way for
business owners to maximize their business reach.
This was not the case in traditional selling methods. That’s
why e Commerce has been adopted by many businesses due to
its extraordinary benefits. So it’s clearly evident, how
important it is to use eCommerce platforms for buying and
selling to break the monopoly of a few capitalist
organizations
8-More Customer retention than traditional shopping:-
When someone buys goods and services online, their identity and
preferences remain saved in the database of sellers. Later the
business or e-commerce owners use that data to attract and retain
customers with new products and services updates. It’s not possible
in a traditional market where sellers don’t know much about the
buyers. And they can’t retain them without providing quality and
higher satisfaction.
Ecommerce increases cold calling, promotional messages so that
consumers keep noticing the development behind the products and
services they are using. E-commerce also opens up the market several
folds, people who would never visit a physical shop are within range
of the same shop’s e-store for advertising. Due to so many
advantages of e-commerce, it is the go-to method for small business
owners.
9-More Contribution of customers in brand
success:-
E Commerce platforms enable buyers to contribute to
brand building. 5-star feedback, positive comments, and
reviews about the products increase brand awareness
and credibility among prospective consumers.
This awareness helps people to choose which one
product, services are better than others. People read
reviews, existing customer feedback before making up
their mind to buy certain products or services. It’s one
of the key components of influence marketing
10-Speeding up national economic development:-
Trillions of transactions per day increase the cash flow in banks. As
more and more people use eCommerce day by day it will increase the
use of digital banking. That enables banks to retain cash and it’s
products it’s because of the fact that people keep holding digital
money in their banks more than cash. So not only it reduces the cost
of cash management infrastructure but also provides auto-scaling
deposits for banks.
The more business goes online the higher it increases the demand of
skilled people. The more skilled people get jobs and income the higher
is the chance that in the future they start businesses. The more we can
create and enhance new generation entrepreneurs the better it is for
the economy
11-Enhancing Technology
development in villages:-
The increased use of internet, mobile, and
computers is enhancing the capabilities of online
commercial activities by less privileged village
people. For example, a farmer can market and sell
his crops online direct to customers without the
involvement of Mandi or marketplaces