ANNASAHEB DANGE COLLEGE OF D.

PHARMACY,
ASHTA

Presented by- Mr. Prakash I. Nargatti (Assistant Professor)

 Outcome-
 To use anatomical terminology to identify and locate major organs of
human body

 Explain structure and functions of principal cell, tissues, organs and

system.

 Contributions of each organ and system in maintenance of homeostasis

and their imbalance
 Perform haematological tests and recording of different physiological
parameters
 Apply basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology for understanding
of Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics.
Chapter-I
 Anatomy-

 Greek words- ana (up) and tomy (process of cutting).

 Definition- the study of the structure and shape of the body and body
parts & their relationships to one another.
Subspecialties of Anatomy Use

Gross Anatomy Study of large, easily observable structures

Microscopic Anatomy Study of very small structures, where microscope is needed.

Cytology (Cell biology) Cellular structure

Histology Microscopic structure of tissues

Systemic anatomy Study of structure of specific system of body

Regional anatomy Structure of regions of human body (eg. Head, chest, abdomen)
 Physiology-

 Greek words- physio (nature/function) and logy (study).

 Definition- the study of how the body and its parts work or function.

Subspecialties of Physiology Use

Neurophysiology Functional properties of nerve cells

Endocrinology Study of hormones and how they control body function

Cardiovascular physiology Function of heart and blood vessels

Renal physiology Functions of kidney

Pathophysiology Functional changes associated with disease

 Levels of Structural Organization-

 Human body is organized in to-

a. Structural level
b. Functional level

 There are 6 levels of organization-

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. System level
6. Organismal level
 Body systems-

1. Cardiovascular system
2. Nervous system
3. Integumentary system
4. Skeletal system
5. Muscular system
6. Endocrine system
7. Digestive system
8. Urinary system
9. Lymphatic system
10. Respiratory system
11. Reproductive system
12. Excretory system
 Integumentary system-

 Components: Skin and structures

associated with it, (hair, nails,
sweat glands and oil glands)
 Functions:
a. Protects the body,
b. Regulate body temperature
c. Eliminates some wastes
d. Helps to make vitamin D
e. Detects sensations
 Skeletal system-

 Components: Bones, joints

and cartilages, associated
ligaments
 Functions:
a. Supports and protects the
internal organ
b. Provides Framework for
muscles & movement
c. Houses blood-forming tissues.
d. Stores minerals and lipids
(fats).
 Muscular system-

 Components: Composed of
muscle tissue
 Functions:
a. Produces body movements
such as walking
b. Stabilizes body position
(posture)
 Nervous system-

 Components: Brain, spinal

cord, nerves, and special sense
organs, such as the eyes and
ears.
 Functions :
a. Generates action potentials
(nerve impulses) to regulate
body activities
b. Detects changes in the body’s
internal and external
environments
 Endocrine system-

 Components: Hormone-
producing glands (Pineal gland,
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland,
Thymus, Thyroid gland,
Parathyroid glands, Adrenal
glands, Pancreas, Ovaries, and
Testes).
 Functions: Regulates body
activities by releasing hormones
 Cardiovascular system-

 Components: Blood, heart and

blood vessels.
 Functions-
a. Distributes oxygen and nutrients
throughout the body
b. Removing wastes from the cells.
c. Helps regulate temperature and
water content of body fluids
d. Blood components help defend
against disease
 Digestive system-

 Components: Organs of GIT

includes the mouth, pharynx
(throat), esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestines and anus;
accessory organs (salivary glands,
liver, gallbladder and pancreas)
 Functions:
a. Achieves physical and chemical
breakdown of food.
b. Absorbs nutrients
c. Eliminates solid wastes.
 Urinary system-

 Components: Kidneys, ureters,

urinary bladder and urethra.
 Functions:
a. Produces, stores and eliminates
urine
b. Eliminates wastes and regulates
composition of blood Kidney
c. Maintains body’s mineral
Ureter
balance
d. Helps regulate production of red Urinary bladder
blood cells. Urethra
 Lymphatic system-

 Components: Lymphatic fluid

(lymph) and vessels, spleen,
thymus, lymph nodes, and
tonsils.
 Functions:
a) Cleanses the blood; involved in
immunity
 Respiratory system-

 Components: Lungs, pharynx

(throat), larynx (voice box),
trachea (windpipe) and bronchi

 Functions:
a. Transfers oxygen from inhaled
air to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to exhaled air.
b. Vocal cords produces sounds.
 Reproductive system-

 Components: Gonads (testes in

males and ovaries in females) and
associated organs (uterine tubes,
uterus, and vagina in females and
epididymis, ductus deferens and
penis in males).
 Functions:
a. Primary function for both sexes is
to produce offspring
b. Male – testes produce sperm &
male sex hormones
c. Female – ovaries produce eggs &
female sex hormones; mammary
glands for nourishment
 Regional names-

 The human body is divided into several major regions

 Head- Consists of skull and face.
 Neck- Supports head and attaches to trunk.
 Trunk- Consists of chest, abdomen and pelvis.
 Upper limb- Consists of Shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, hand ,wrist.
 Lower limb- Consists of buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot.
Body Cavities-

 Internal chambers or spaces within body that helps to

 Protect internal organs

 Separate internal organs

 Support internal organs

 Two body cavities

 Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the
spinal cavity
 Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic cavity
 Cavity Parts

Cranial cavity Consists of brain and skull

Vertebral cavity Formed by vertebral column
contains spinal cord and spinal nerves.
Thoracic cavity Chest cavity

a. Pleural cavity Each surrounds a lung by pleura.

b. Pericardial cavity Surrounds the heart by pericardium

c. Mediastinum Contains all the structures of the thoracic cavity other than
the lungs
Eg-heart, thymus, oesophagus, trachea and several large
blood vessels
`

Cavity Parts
Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small

intestine, and most of large intestine

Pelvic cavity Portions of large intestine, Urinary bladder,

ureters, urethra and organs of reproduction.
 Basic anatomical terminology-

 The language of anatomy- Clear and precise

 ANATOMICAL POSITION- is a standardized

method of observing or imaging the body.

Definition-
The subject stands erect facing the observer, the
arms are placed at the sides with the palms facing
forward and the feet are flat on the floor.
 In the anatomical position, the body is upright.
Two terms describe a reclining body,

 If the body is lying face

up, it is in the supine
position

 If the body is lying face

down, it is in the prone
position.
 Directional terms-

 These are the words that describe the position of one body
part relative to another.
 Directional
Definition Example
terms
Toward the head or the upper part
Superior Heart is superior to the liver
structure

Away from the head or lower part of

Inferior Stomach is inferior to the lungs
the structure

Anterior Nearer to or at the front of the body Sternum is anterior to the heart

Esophagus is posterior to
Posterior Nearer to or at the back of the body
trachea
Medial Nearer to midline Ulna is medial to radius

Lateral Farther from the midline Lungs are lateral to the heart
Transverse colon is
intermediate between the
Intermediate Between two structures
ascending and descending
colon
 Directional
Definition Example
terms
On same side of body as another Gallbladder and ascending
Ipsilateral
structure colon are ipsilateral

On opposite side of body from Ascending and descending

Contralateral
another structure colon are ipsilateral

Nearer to attachment of limb to

Proximal the trunk, nearer to the origination Humerus is proximal to radius
of structure
Farther from attachment of limb to
Phalanges are distal to the
Distal the trunk, farther from the
carpals
origination of structure

Superficial Toward or on the surface of body Ribs are superficial to the lungs

Ribs are deep to the skin of

Deep Away from the surface of body
chest and back
 The navel is --------------to the breastbone
 The heart is ------------- to the breastbone
 The arms are ------------ to the chest
 The elbow is ------------ to the wrist
 The skin is ------------- to the skeleton
 The forehead is ------------------ to the nose
 The breastbone is------------ to the spine
 The heart is ------------to the arm
 The armpit is ---------between the breastbone and the shoulder
 The knee is ---------to the thigh
 The lungs are ---------to the rib cage
 The navel is inferior to the breastbone
 The heart is posterior to the breastbone
 The arms are lateral to the chest
 The elbow is proximal to the wrist
 The skin is superficial to the skeleton
 The forehead is superior to the nose
 The breastbone is anterior to the spine
 The heart is medial to the arm
 The armpit is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder
 The knee is proximal to the thigh
 The lungs are deep to the rib cage
 Your eyes are_____ to your chin.
 Your skin is____ to your heart.
 Your right shoulder is_____ and ______from your
umbilicus (belly button).
 In the anatomical position, your thumb is_____ .
 Your buttocks are _____ .
 Your right foot and right hand are_____ .
 Your knee is______ between your thigh and toes.
 Your lungs are_____ to your spinal column.
 Your breastbone is _____ to your chin.
 Your calf is _____ to your heel.