ANNASAHEB DANGE COLLEGE OF

D.PHARMACY, ASHTA

Presented by- Mr. Prakash I. Nargatti (Assistant Professor)

Parts of Urinary system

 Two kidneys

 Two ureters

 Urinary bladder

 Urethra
 KIDNEY

 Bean shaped
 12 cm long, 7 cm wide and 3 cm thick
 Location-
1. Posterior to abdominal wall
2. One on each side of vertebral column
3. Extend from 12th Thoracic vertebra to
3rd lumbar vertebra
4. Right kidney slightly lower than left
kidney

 Nephron
L.S. of Kidney

 Renal hilum
 Renal capsule
 Renal cortex
 Renal medulla
 Renal pyramids
 Renal columns
 Renal
parenchyma
 Minor and major
calyx
 Renal pelvis
 Nephron

 Microscopic functional unit of kidney

 Consists of long tube-
a. One end is closed- Glomerular capsule (Bowman's
capsule)
b. Other end- opens in collecting duct
 Two parts
1. Renal corpuscle (Malpighian body)
2. Renal tubule
 Nephron

 Renal corpuscle-
a. Glomerulus (group of
capillaries)
b. Glomerular capsule
 Renal tubule-

3 parts
a. Proximal convoluted tubule
(PCT)
b. Loop of Henle
c. Distal convoluted tubule
(DCT)
Glomerulus
 Glomerulus –
a. Compact tube of interconnected capillaries
b. Renal artery- afferent arteriole it divides and redivides-
network
c. Reunite - efferent arterioles

 Bowman's capsule-
a. Double walled epithelial cup - surrounds glomerular
capillaries.
b. Filtration of blood occurs.
 Renal tubule- long tube – continues Bowman’s Capsule. Single
layer epithelial cells.

 PCT- First part of renal tubule, tightly coiled, lined by

columnar cells.

 Loop of Henle - hair pin like structure, connects PCT and DCT
a. descending limb of loop of henle
b. ascending limb of loop of henle
 DCT- It is lined with cuboidal cells and joins collecting tubule

 Collecting tubule- Receives urine from distal tubule and

lined with columnar cells
Functions of Kidney

 Formation of urine
 Regulates water balance
 Electrolyte balance
 Maintenance of blood pressure
 Regulation of Blood volume
 Production of hormones
 Maintenance of acid base balance
 Maintenance of blood pressure

Increases Na+ and water

re-absorption Increased
Increases blood volume blood
pressure

Juxtraglomerular
cells
 Water balance

 60% body weight

 3 compartments-
1. Blood plasma- 5% BW
2. Interstitial fluid- 11% BW
3. Intracellular fluid- 44% BW

 Sources for water intake

 Sources for water output
 Kidney- balance - Water intake & water output
 Output is controlled by – Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 Water content is Low

Decrease in Increased osmotic Stimulates

blood blood pressure Osmoreceptors in
hypothalamus
volume

Acts on tubules of Stimulation of

kidney Releases ADH pituitary
gland

Inhibition

Reduces loss Increase in

of water in blood
urine volume
 Water content is High

Increase in blood volume

Release of ANP from atrium of

heart

Reduces reabsorption of water and

sodium by PCT and collecting duct

Promotes Natriuresis and increase

urine output

Increases loss of water in urine

 Urine Formation

 Filters- waste material

 Secrete- urine
 3 stages-
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Selective reabsorption (tubular reabsorption)
3. Active secretion (tubular secretion)
 Glomerular filtration

 Filtration- glomerular capsule

 Ultrafilter
 Allows free passage- Low mol.wt. substances
Glomerular filtrate
 Prevents filtration - heavy mol. wt. substances- plasma
proteins and blood cells
  Filtration - 3 different pressures
 Hydrostatic pressure-
1. Blood pressure in glomerular
capillaries.
Efferent
arteriole 2. 55 mmHg

 Osmotic pressure-
1. Presence of plasma proteins
in blood plasma
2. 30 mmHg
 Glomerular filtrate pressure-
1. Pressure – against ultrafiltrate- fluid present in capsular space
and renal tubule
2. 15 mmHg
 Net filtration pressure = Hydrostatic pressure - Osmotic
pressure - Glomerular filtrate pressure
 Net filtration pressure = 55- 30- 15 = 10 mmHg

 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)- Filtrate formed in both

kidneys
 Amount of filtrate produced- 120 ml/min
 Total 180 lit per day filtrate is produced
 Tubular reabsorption

 Process- composition and volume of glomerular

filtrate is altered during its passage through tubule.

 Purpose- re-absorb constituents – essential to body

 PCT cells- largest contribution.

 High threshold substances :

Completely re-absorbed- Glucose and

Potassium(100%), Water (99%), calcium and sodium
chloride (98-99%).

 Low threshold substances :

Re-absorbed to only slight extent E.g- Urea , uric acid

 Creatinine sulphate- not at all reabsorbed

 Tubular secretion

 Short time for filtration of blood in glomerulus

 Substances- not required by body and not filtered in

glomerular filtration are secreted by the tubules

 Substance secreted- Potassium, Hydrogen and

ammonium ions - maintaining electrolyte balance of
the body.
 Composition of normal urine-
Component %
Water 96
Urea 2 pH- 4.8- 7.4
Uric acid Specific gravity- 1.02-1.03
Creatinine
Sodium ions
Chloride ions
Potassium ions 2
Calcium ions
Ammonium ions
Phosphate ions
Sulphate ions
Abnormal constituents of urine

 Protein, Sugar, Ketone bodies, Blood, Bile, Microbes,

Pus
 Renal diseases-

 Nephritis-
1. Infectious disease- gram –ve bacteria
2. Diminishes blood proteins
3. Reduces osmotic pressure- Oedema
4. Types-
a) Glomeruli nephritis
b) Tubular nephritis
c) Pyelonephritis
 Oedema-
 Abnormal condition- increase in qty. of watery content in body
 Accumulation of fluid
 Increase in permeability of blood capillaries
 Causes-
1. Venous obstructions
2. Cardiac oedema
3. Inflammatory oedema
4. Nutritional oedema
5. Inability of kidney to excrete sodium
 Glycosuria
 Proteinuria
 Haematuria
 Anuria - total suppression of urine
 Diuretics- drugs which are used to increase rate of
urine formation