Annasaheb Dange College Of

D.Pharmacy, Ashta

Presented by- Mr. Prakash I. Nargatti (Assistant Professor)

 Major part- Hormone

 It is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the

body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the
body.

 Substance of intense biological activity that is produced

by specific cells in the body and is transported through
blood stream to act on its target cells or another organ
Functions of hormones
 Help regulate:
 Chemical composition of body
 Metabolism and energy balance
 Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
 Glandular secretions
 Some immune system activities
 Control growth and development.
 Regulate operation of reproductive systems.
 Help establish circadian rhythms.
 Feedback mechanism
 The level of a hormone in the blood is variable and self-
regulating within its normal range.

 Regulation of Hormones by two mechanisms:

1. Positive Feedback Mechanism

2. Negative Feedback Mechanism

 Positive feedback mechanism-

 Low blood glucose level (hypoglycemia)- glucagon is

released from alpha cells of the pancreatic islets.

 Glucagon acts on hepatocytes - conversion of glycogen into

glucose (glycogenolysis) and to promote formation of

glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids

(gluconeogenesis).

 Hepatocytes release glucose into the blood more rapidly,

blood glucose level returns to normal.

 Negative feedback mechanism-

 High blood glucose (hyperglycemia)- insulin released by beta

cells of the pancreatic islets.

 Insulin acts on various cells in the body to accelerate

conversion of glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis)

 Slows the conversion of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis);

 Slows formation of glucose from lactic acid and amino acids

(gluconeogenesis).

 As a result, blood glucose level falls

 Endocrine gland

 Exocrine gland
ENDOCRINE GLAND
Pituitary Gland
 Posterior Pituitary Gland
 Oxytocin

 Contraction of uterus during labor

 Bring about parturition (birth of a baby)

 Ejection of milk from breast

 Vasopressin (Anti diuretic hormone)

 Decrease the urine output

 Increasing the blood pressure.

 Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormone Function
Stimulates growth of body cells, protein synthesis and
Growth hormone (GH)
tissue repair

Thyroid stimulating Controls growth and activity of thyroid gland and

hormone (TSH) stimulates its secretion

Adrenocorticotrophic It stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce their

hormone (ACTH) hormones
Gonadotrophic
In females- stimulates ovarian follicle- to secrete
hormones
oestrogen
i) Follicle stimulating
In males- stimulates spermatogenesis in testis
hormone (FSH)
ii) Luteinising hormone In females- produce progesterone
(LH) In males- produce testosterone

Prolactin stimulates mammary glands to produce milk

 Thyroid gland - Thyroxine, Tri-iodothyronine, Thyrocalcitonin

 Parathyroid glands- Parathormone

 Pancreas - Insulin, Glucagon, somatostatin

 Adrenal glands

 Adrenal cortex

Glucocorticoids- Hydrocortisone, Corticosterone

Mineralocorticoids- Aldosterone

Sex hormones - Androgens

 Aderenal medulla -Adrenaline, Noradrenaline

 Pineal gland -Melatonin

 Testis -Testosterone

 Ovary - Estrogen, Progesterone

 Pituitary gland is called as master gland
 The pituitary gland secrets important hormones

 Growth hormone, prolactin, anti-diuretic hormone and

oxytocin- acts directly on the body and control important
functions.

 It also secretes trophic hormones like TSH, gonadotrophic

hormone, ACTH, which control secretion of other endocrine
glands.

 Hence, it is called as master gland.

 Hyposecretion of GH:

 Before puberty- Dwarfism

 After puberty- Tropic changes in the thyroid and adrenal glands and

in gonads.

 Hypersecretion of GH:

 Before puberty- Gigantism - may grow to heights of 2.1 to 2.4 m

although body proportions remain normal.

 After puberty- Acromegaly in which the bones and soft tissues of

some organs thicken and coarsen

Adrenal cortex
 3 hormones: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids and Sex
hormones.

 Mineralocorticoids:

 Main mineralocorticoid is aldosterone. Act on metabolism of

electrolytes of extra-cellular fluid (sodium & potassium).

 It stimulates the reabsorption of sodium (Na+) by the renal

tubules and excretion of potassium (K+) in the urine.

 Sodium reabsorption along with water helps to regulate blood

volume and blood pressure.

 When the blood potassium level rises, more aldosterone is

secreted. Low blood potassium has the opposite effect
 Glucocorticoids:
 Main glucocorticoid – Cortisol, Corticosterone & cortisone
 They are essential for life, regulating metabolism and
responses to stress.
 Gluconeogenesis and hyperglycaemia
 Lipolysis
 Stimulating breakdown of protein, releasing amino acids,
which can be used for synthesis of energy
 Promoting absorption of sodium and water from renal
tubules
 Sex hormones -androgens