GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

AND DISTRIBUTION IN BUILDINGS.

BY S.VISHNUPRASAD
OHM’S LAW
• V=IR
• where V is voltage (volts), I is current (amps),
and R is the resistance of the circuit element that
we now measure in the unit of ohms. Another
way of interpreting Ohm’s Law is that the
resistance R is the voltage across the component
divided by the current through it:
• R = V / I.
KIRCHOFF’S LAW
• Two other very important rules for understanding electrical circuits are
Kirchhoff’s Laws, named after Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887),
who did experiments with electricity in the mid-1800s.
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law: the sum of the voltages around a circuit
loop must equal zero, when following a consistent measurement
direction of voltages for each element around the loop. In other words,
the total of the voltage steps as you go around a circuit loop must end
up back where you started.
• Kirchhoff’s current law: the sum of all currents into a circuit node
must equal zero. In other words, the total current flowing into a node
must equal the current flowing out of that node
UNITS
• Each of these quantities are measured using different
units:
• Voltage is measured in volts (V)
• Current is measured in amps (A)
• Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω)
• Power is measured in watts (W)
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
• Watt is the unit of power (symbol: W)
• One watt is also defined as the current flow of
one ampere with voltage of one volt
AMPS
• Electricity consists of the flow of electrons through a
conductor, for example, an electric wire or cable. We
measure the rate of flow of electricity as an electric
current .
 ELECTRICITY GRID
Electrical power travels from the power plant to your house through
an amazing system called the power distribution grid. ...
The power distribution grid must respond quickly to shifting demand
and continuously generate and route electricityto where it's needed
the most.
TWO PHASE AND THREE PHASE SYSTEMS
The single phase is used in a place where less power is required and for
running the small loads. The three phases are used in large industries,
factories and in the manufacturing unit where a large amount of power is
required.
2 PHASE HAS 2 CONDUCTORS AND ONE NUETRAL WIRE
3 PHASE HAS 3 CONDUCTORS AND ONE NUETRAL WIRE
THESE BOTH DIFFERS IN THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT FLOW.
THREE PHASE PLUG TWO PHASE PLUG
SUBSTATION
• A substation is a part of an
electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power
may flow through several substations at different voltage
levels. A substation may include transformers to change
voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages.
• Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical
utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial
customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying
on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
Components in substation.
 TRANSFORMERS.
A transformer consists of two electrically
isolated coils and operates on Faraday's
principal of “mutual induction”, in which
an EMF is induced in
the transformers secondary coil by the
magnetic flux generated by the voltages
and currents flowing in the primary coil
winding.
GENERATORS.
• Generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy. ... The faradays law states that whenever a
conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, EMF is induced and
this induced EMF is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages.
WIRING AND CONDUITS
• The term electrical conduit refers to durable tubing or
other types of enclosure used to protect and provide a
route for individual electrical wiring conductors. Conduit
is typically required where wiring is exposed or where it
might be subject to damage. A conduit can be made of
metal or plastic and may be rigid or flexible.
Example:
• Rigid Metal Conduit—RMC and IMC
• Rigid metal conduit, or RMC, is heavy-duty galvanized steel tubing
that is installed with threaded fittings. It is typically used outdoors
to provide protection from damage and can also provide structural
support for electrical cables, panels, and other equipment. RMC is
sold in 10- and 20-foot lengths and has threads on both ends.
• Intermediate metal conduit, or IMC, is a thinner, lighter-weight
version of rigid metal conduit and is approved for use in all of the
same applications as RMC. Because IMC is lighter and easier to
work with than RMC, it is more common in new construction.
• Electrical Metallic Tubing—EMT
• Another example of a rigid electrical conduit is EMT (electrical
metal tubing), which is most commonly made of galvanized steel
but can also be aluminum. EMT is also called "thin-wall" conduit
because it is thin and lightweight, especially compared to RMC.
EMT is rigid but can be bent with a simple tool called a conduit
bender.
• EMT is installed with couplings and fittings that are secured with
setscrew or compression-type fasteners. The tubing itself is not
threaded like RMC and IMC. Common sizes of EMT include 1/2-
inch, 3/4-inch, and 1-inch. It is commonly used for exposed
indoor wiring runs in residential and light-commercial
construction.
• Electrical Non-Metallic Tubing—ENT
• Electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT) is flexible
corrugated plastic tubing that is moisture-resistant
and flame-retardant. It is easy to bend and installs with
snap-lock or glued plastic fittings. Unlike EMT, non-
metallic tubing cannot installed in exposed locations, so
it is commonly used inside walls. In addition to
installation in standard wood- or metal-frame walls,
ENT can be installed inside concrete block structures
and can be covered with concrete.
• Rigid PVC Conduit
• Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is similar to plastic
plumbing pipe and is installed with plastic fittings that
are glued in place. It can be bent after being heated in a
portable heater box. Because the conduit tubing and
fittings are glued together, the conduit assemblies can be
watertight, making PVC suitable for direct burial in the
ground for many applications. It is also allowed in
corrosive environment
LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
• A lightning rod is very simple -- it's a pointed metal rod attached to
the roof of a building. The rod is min. an inch (2 cm) in diameter. It
connects to a huge piece of copper or aluminum wire that's also an
inch or so in diameter. The wire is connected to a conductive
grid buried in the ground nearby.
• The purpose of lightning rods is often misunderstood. Many people
believe that lightning rods "attract" lightning. It is better stated to
say that lightning rods provide a low-resistance path to
ground that can be used to conduct the enormous electrical
currents when lightning strikes occur. If lightning strikes, the
system attempts to carry the harmful electrical current away from
the structure and safely to ground.
• Electrical Earthing. Definition: The process of
transferring the immediate discharge of
the electrical energy directly to the earth by the help
of the low resistance wire is known as the electrical
earthing. ... The earthing provides the simple path to
the leakage current.

Mostly Galvanized Iron or copper is

used for it
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
• A distribution board (also known as panelboard, breaker panel,
or electric panel) is a component of an electricity supply system that
divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while
providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a
common enclosure.
• A distribution board (DB) is where the electrical supply is
distributed from within the building. The main supply cable comes
into the board and is then distributed to the breakers and from
there to all the circuits, e.g. lights, plugs.
• METERS

An electricity meter, electric meter,

electrical meter, or energy meter is a
device that measures the amount of
electric energy consumed by a
residence, a business, or an electrically
powered device. Electric utilities use
electric meters installed at customers'
premises for billing purposes
 SWITCH BOARDS
• An electric switchboard is a device that directs electricity
from one or more sources of supply to several smaller
regions of usage. It is an assembly of one or more panels,
each of which contains switches that allow electricity to
be redirected.
The types of switches are
classified into four types
namely: SPST,SPDT ,
DPST
ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
• Renewable energy is energy that is collected from
renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human
timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal
heat. ... As of 2019 worldwide, more than two-thirds of all
new electricity capacity installed was renewable.
The most efficient forms
of renewable
energy geothermal, solar, wind,
hydroelectricity and biomass.
Biomass has the biggest
contribution with 50%, followed
by hydroelectricity at 26% and
wind power at 18%.
Geothermal energy is generated
by harnessing the Earth's natural
heat.
Thank You