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Lecture 6a On Momentum Balance
Lecture 6a On Momentum Balance
Steven A. Jones
BIEN 501/CMEN 513
Friday, March 17, 2006
Applications:
How fast does a blood cell settle?
What is the motion of a catalyzing particle?
3R 1 R 3 3R 1 R
3
ur v 1 cos u v 1 sin
4 r 4 r
2r 2 r
Top View
z
y
z This velocity vector has an x and z
component (visible above) and a y
x component (visible to the left).
d
dt m
R
dV
R m t
dV v ndA
S m
v
dV v v ndA
d
dt R m
v dV
R m t S m
v
dV v v ndA
d
dt m
R
v dV
R m t S m
d
dt R m
v dV tdA fdV
S m R m
v
dV v v ndA
d
dt R m
v dV
R m t S m
v1
dV v1 v ndA
d
dt m
R
v1 dV
Rm t S m
But note that the full vector v remains in the last integral.
v v ndA
S m
1
dr
vr
dz
Assumptions:
1. Steady, incompressible flow (no changes with time)
2. Fully developed flow
3. Velocity is a function of r only (v=v(r))
4. No radial or circumferential velocity components.
5. Pressure changes linearly with z and is independent of r.
Note: 3, 4 and 5 follow from 1 and 2, but it takes a while to demonstrate the
connection.
Louisiana Tech University
Ruston, LA 71272
The Control Volume
The control volume is an annular region dz long
and dr thick. We will be concerned with 4
surfaces:
r
rr
Outer Cylinder
rz
Inner Cylinder
r
rr
rz
Left Annulus
z
zr
zz
Right Annulus
z
zr
zz
dr
dz
Thus:
dz
In fluid mechanics, we talk about momentum per unit volume
and force per unit volume.
D v
F
Dt
For example, the force per unit volume caused by
gravity is g since F=mg. (Units are g cm/s2).
dz
2 r dr dz rz r dr 2r dz rz r
r rz 0
r dr
dz
dr
dz
2 r dr dz rz r dr 2r dz rz r
r dr rz r dr r rz r r p z r p z dz
dr dz
r dr rz r dr r rz r r p z r p z dz
dr dz
r rz p
r
r z
Now we need a model that describes the relationship
between the shear rate and the stress.
ur u z
rz
z r
ur
In our case, ur 0 0
z
u z
Thus, rz
r
u z
and rz
r
u z p
The equation is: r r
r r z
u z r p
2
r C1
r 2 z
uz r
By symmetry, 0 , so C1= 0.
r r 0
u z r p
2
r C1
r 2 z
uz r
By symmetry, 0 , so C1= 0.
r r 0
r
r 2 z r 2 z
Integrate again.
r 2 p
uz C2
4 z
R 2 p R 2 p r2
C2 uz 1 2
4 z 4 z R
p v
d
p v dV dV p v v ndA
dt R m R m t S m
F f m dV
2. Mutual forces (arise
from within the body) Rp
a. Intermolecular
b. electrostatic
12
11 12 13
11
τ ijei e j 21 22 23 13
i j
31 32 33
12
1 12 13
1
τ ij e i e j 21 2 23
13
i j
31 32 3
dz
dr
d
r r dr r dr d dz r r rd dz
r r
r
Stress Principle:
Regardless of how we
P define P, we can find
B-P
t(z,n)
n
t(z,P)
Stress Principle:
Regardless of how we
P n define P, we can find
B-P
t(z,n)
t(z,P)
t(z, n)
P
n
BP P
n
BP
t(z,n)
P
n
BP
t(z,n)
z3 A2
t1
z3 A2
t1
z3 A2
d
z2
A3
dt R m
v dV tdA fdV
S m R m
A1
n
z1 d d m v hA
dt m
R
v dV
dt 3
z3 A2
Value is Volume of the
constant if tetrahedron.
region is small.
Louisiana Tech University
Ruston, LA 71272
Body Forces
Similarly,
d
z2
A3
dt R m
v dV tdA fdV
S m R m
A1
n
d hA
z1
f dV f
dt m
R 3
z3 A2
Value is Volume of the
constant if tetrahedron.
region is small.
Louisiana Tech University
Ruston, LA 71272
Surface Forces
d
z2
A3
dt R m
v dV tdA fdV
S m R m
A1
n
z1
S m
t dA At A1t 2 A2 t 2 A3t 3
z3 A2
Area of the t does not vary for
surface. differential volume.
z3 A2
1 12 13
τ 21 2 23
31 32 3
12
1
13
0 if i j
ij
1 if i j
It can be thought of as a compact notation for the identity matrix:
1 0 0
ij I 0 1 0
0 0 1
Positive Negative
Louisiana Tech University
Ruston, LA 71272
Permutation Tensor and Delta
A well known result is:
The same result occurs for m=n=2 and m=n=3. I.e. if m=n,
then the value us 2.
Gives +1 Gives 1
Louisiana Tech University
Ruston, LA 71272
Permutation Tensor and Delta
Consider another expression: ijk mnk
i j k mnk
123 123, 132 132, 123 132, 132 123 for i 1
231 231, 213 213, 231 213, 213 231 for i 2
312 312, 321 321, 312 321, 321 312 for i 3
Gives +1 Gives 1
Only 6 terms are non-zero (those for which ij and
either i=m, j=n or i=n and j=m. Two of these are:
12k 12k 123 123 1
k 21k 123 213 1
0 for i j
ijk mnk 1 for i j, i m, j n
1 for i j, i n, j m
im jn im jn