Reproduction

Review
• Asexual Reproduction
– One parent
– No reproductive organs
– No genetic variation
– Mitosis and Cytokinesis
– Binary Fission, Budding,
Spores, Regeneration,
Vegetative Propagation
 Review
• Sexual Reproduction
– Two parents
– Sex cells
– Meiosis
– Genetic variation
• Survival of species
 Sexual Reproduction in Lower
Organisms
• Conjugation
– Conjugation bridge
– Exchange or transfer of genetic
material
– No male/female
– Bacteria, paramecia, spirogyra
 Spirogyra
Zygote develops tough coat and
now called a Zygospore
Zygospore hatches when conditions
favorable
Sexual Reproduction in Animals
• Have Male and Female
• Have sex organs (Gonads)
– Ovaries-Ova or eggs (Haploid)
– Testes-Sperm (Haploid)
Sexual Reproduction in Animals
• Hermaphrodites
– Ovaries and testes in same animal
– In slow or sessile organisms (worm ,hydra
snail)
– Self fertilization rare
 How are gametes made?
• Gametogenesis
– Oogenesis
– Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis
2n

n
 Sperm vs. Egg

Sperm Egg
Small Larger
Many Few
Mobile (1-4mm/min) Nonmobile
Complex shape Round
May have Yolk
Sperm

Digestive Enzymes

Energy to swim
 Fertilization
• Sperm swim to egg
• Sperm releases enzymes to make hole in
egg
• Sperm injects nucleus into egg
• Fertilization membrane form around egg
• No future fertilization
• Joining of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus
• Form diploid zygote
Where can fertilization happen?
1. Outside female (External Fertilization)
2. Inside Female (Internal Fertilization)
 External Fertilization
• Female releases eggs in water
• Male releases sperm in water
• Problems?
• Sperm find eggs
• Many gametes made!
• Spawning behavior or Amplexus
Seasonal spawning of Salmon
Amplexus
 Internal Fertilization
• Safer
• Terrestrial animals and some aquatic
• Need moist female repro. tract
• Fewer eggs needed
• Short life span of gametes (24hrs)
• Need specialized organs
• Timed release of gametes (Hormonal)
 Adult with no fertilization?
• Parthenogenesis
– Egg develops without sperm
– Insects
– Unfertilized eggs of queen bee=male drone
– Fertilized eggs of queen bee=female workers
or queens
What happens after fertilization?
• Development
• Embryology=Study of embryo
development
 Stages of Development
1. Cleavage
– Mitotic cell divisions
– 2 cells, 4, 8,…..morula=solid ball of cells
– No growth in cell size (cells get smaller)
 Development
• Cleavage
– Blastula stage=Ball hollows out and has fluid
in core (Blastocoel)

Cells with
yolk
 Development
2. Gastrulation
– Growth in cell size
– Embryo changes
shape (cells migrate)
 Development
• Gastrula:
Development of
3 Primary Germ
Layers

Mesoderm
 Development
• Ectoderm:
– Nervous sys, lining of mouth, nostrils and anus
– Epidermis, hair, nails
• Mesoderm:
– Bone, muscles, blood vessels, repro and excretory
system, dermis
• Endoderm:
– Lining of digestive sys, respiratory sys, liver,
pancreas, glands, bladder
 Development
3. Differentiation
– Embryonic cells become specialized
– Embryonic Induction=“organizers” influence
cells to take on a certain role in life
– Where cell is located will determine what it will
become
Differentiation
• Ex. Nerve cord
development
 External vs. Internal Development
• External:
– Water
• Embryo feeds on yolk
• Wastes and Oxygen exchange via diffusion
• Little to no care, dangerous
• Ex. Many fish
 External vs. Internal Development
• External:
– Land
• Embryo feeds on yolk in a
SHELLED egg
• Pores in shell for gas exchange
• Ex. Reptiles (Leathery Shell)-leave
eggs
• Ex. Birds (Hard Shell)-protect eggs
Extraembryonic membranes of Bird
Eggs
• Yolk sac=Nutrients
• Amnion=shock
absorption
• Allantois=metabolic
waste storage and gas
exchange
• Chorion=under shell,
Embryo gas exchange
 External vs. Internal Development
• Internal
– Some organisms: nutrients mostly from yolk and
babies born self-sufficient
– Others: development in womb (Uterus)
– High protection
– Little yolk, nutrients from mom
– Born undeveloped
– Mammals continue to feed via mammary glands
 Placental vs. Nonplacental
Mammals
• Placental
– Have placenta=site of
nutrient and waste
exchange between
mom and baby
– Baby side and mom
side with space
between
– No blood-blood
contact
 Placental vs. Nonplacental
Mammals
• Nonplacental:
– **Egg-laying mammals (External Development)
Monotremes
• Ex. Spiny anteater and duckbill platypus
• Eggs with yolk develop outside
• Babies feed on mammary gland milk
 Placental vs. Nonplacental
Mammals
• Nonplacental
– Pouched mammals (Marsupials)
– Some internal development
– Poorly developed babies born and remain in a
pouch feeding on milk
– Ex. Opossum, Kangaroo

Link
Human Male Reproductive System
Human Male Reproductive System
 Parts
• Testes:
– Semineferous tubules
– Sperm production
– Testosterone production
– In scrotum sac
• Epididymis
– Sperm storage and maturation site
 Parts
• Vas deferens
– Sperm ducts
• Urethra
– Exit route for sperm through penis
• Glands:
– Seminal vesicles=thick, nutrient-rich fluid
– Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral glands)= preejaulation
lubricant
– Prostate Gland=milky, alkaline fluid
(Semen is sperm and fluids)
Human Female Reproductive
System
 Human Female Reproductive
System
Oviduct
 Parts
• Ovaries
– matures eggs located in follicle sacs
– Make estrogen
– Usually one egg matures/month
– Mature egg ovulated
– Egg enters oviducts
 Parts
• Oviduct
– Site of fertilization
• Uterus
– Site of embryo development
• Cervix
– Doorway into Uterus
• Vagina
– Birth canal and sperm receiving area
 Human Sexuality
• Fertilization
– Hundreds of millions of
sperm ejaculated into
vagina
– Fertilization in oviduct
• (In vitro vs. in vivo
fertilization)
 Fraternal vs. Identical Twins
“Identical” Twins may
have some genetic
differences.
Can have difference in
quantities of a gene
(Am. J. Human
Genetics)

• Cleavage as zygote moves

towards the uterus
• Implantation and Gastrulation
– Ectopic pregnancy
 Human extraembryonic
membranes
• Chorion=surrounds other membranes
– Chorionic villi
– Villi+uterine wall=placenta
• Placenta=Nutrient exchange, no blood-blood
contact
• Amnion=Surrounds fetus
– Amniotic Fluid-shock
• Yolk Sac and Allantois develop into
umbilical cord
 Birth
• Gestation Time= Time in womb
– 9 months for humans
– 20 days for mouse
– 21 months for elephant
• Labor
– uterine contractions
– Cervix enlargement
– Amnion breaks
– Baby’s head out first
• Afterbirth
– Placenta comes out
 Terms
• Embryo= zygote from fertilization till 8
weeks
• Fetus= 8 weeks-birth
 Menstrual Cycle
Starts at Puberty
(10-14 years
old)
Stops at
Menopause
(45-50 years
old)
 Stages
1. Follicle Stage
• FSH from Pituitary matures one follicle
• Follicle secretes Estrogen
• Estrogen enhances Uterine Lining
• High Estrogen levels inhibit Pit. From
secreting FSH
• Pit. Starts to secrete LH
• Days 1-13
 Stages
2. Ovulation
– High levels of LH cause egg to pop out of follicle
– Day 14
3. Corpus Luteum Stage
– Ruptured follicle (ie. “corpus luteum”) releases
Progesterone
– Progesterone maintains uterine lining (Hormone of
Pregnancy)
– Progesterone inhibits FSH release
 Stages
4. Menstruation
– If no fertilization:
• LH levels drop
• Corpus luteum breaks down
• Progesterone levels drop
• Estrogen levels drop
• Uterine lining shed
• FSH no longer inhibited
• Start maturing a new follicle
 Estrous Cycle
• Only humans and other primates have
menstrual cycle
• Other have Estrous Cycle
– Periodic changes in female sex organs
– Periodic desire to mate
– Seasonally fertility (In Heat)