Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Arun Sir………
WHY REGULATE GENE
EXPRESSION??
Adaptation
GENE EXPRESSION IN DIFFERENT CELLS
Glycolysis ON ON ON ON ON
41 to 42ºC
ISWI SWI/SNF
•RSF •hSWI/SNF(BRG1)
man
•WCRF/hACF •hSWI/SNF(BRM)
•NURF
•CHRAC fly •Brahma
•ACF
SNF2=SWI2
LARGE COMPLEXES (generally)
(SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable)
ROLE of ISWI domains
Imitation SWI (SWItch) of Drosophila melanogaster
Slide domain
linker DNA contact, ’measures’ distance
equal spacing of nucleosomes
ATPase domain
near dyad, motor, translocation
Chromatin Remodeling by ISWI
2. DNA Methylation
DNA Methylation
CpG islands
----- are genomic regions that contain a high
frequency of CG dinucleotides.
Active
transcription
Unmethylated CpG island
TF RNA pol
Methylation
Acetylation
Histone Acetylation
HAT
acetyltransferases
deacetylases
S-adenosyl-L-
S-adenosyl-L-methionine homocysteine
histone methyltransferases
histone demethyltransferases
&&methylation
N-terminal tail modifications of H3 and H4.
M=methylated, A=acetylated,
P=phosphorylated.
X-Inactivation
Inactive X-Chromosome (Barr body)
Underacetylated at H4
Hypermethylated
Demonstration of X Inactivation:
The classic mosaic example is Calico cats. One of the genes for hair
color is found on the X chromosome. The gene makes either orange
or black (white is on a different chromosome). Each colored patch on
a calico has a different X turned on. If the patch is orange, then there
are a bunch of cells there with the orange X on. A black patch has a
bunch of cells with the black X on. This is why a male calico is so rare.
Most males only have a single X and so either the orange or the black
hair color gene, not both.
Calico Cat
X-inactivation in humans
Red-green color blindness
Males = fully color blind
Females = mosaic retinas
Heavy chains:
Up to 500 Variable, 4 Joining and 12 Diversity
regions and 12 constant regions
500 x 4 x 12 = 24, 000 heavy chains
Silencer
A DNA sequence that helps to reduce
or shut off the expression of a nearby gene.
Mediator Complex
(5) Insulators
No transcription
2. What is trans-acting factor?
Concept
trans-acting factors - usually they are
proteins, that bind to the cis-acting elements to
control gene expression.
These trans-acting factors can control gene
expression in several ways:
α-helix (N-terminus)----specific
α-helix (C-terminus)----non-specific
Helix Turn Helix motif: binds to DNA
A major structural motif capable of binding DNA
b. Leu zipper
Present in both PBD and DBD
c. Zinc finger (Present in DBD)
X2-Cys-X2,4-Cys-X12-His-X3,4,5-His
Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1 is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene.
apolipoprotein B protein
Translational and Post-translational Regulation
1. Translation Control
Blocking mRNA Attachment to Ribosomes
It can also hold the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point
on DNA damage recognition