TERMS FOR CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Group 3 :
Ratih Kusuma Kristianti (160402010002)
Vina Shafa Lukiswara (160402010022)
Pridani Isnauri (160402010028)
 A: ABSTRACT, ALLEGORY, ALLITERATION, ALLUSION,
AMBIGUITY, ANTITHESIS, ARCHETYPE, ATMOSPHERE

ABSTRACT – ABSTRACTION : The process of selecting certain qualities out of many. In

abstraction process, use various specific qualities to represent one large concept. The purpose of
abstract is to make something more beautiful, mysterious, or ironical, clearer. (Formless)

EXAMPLE : love, success, freedom, good, moral, democracy, and any -ism (chauvinism,
Communism, feminism, racism, sexism).

SENTENCE : "I want freedom," what am I talking about? divorce? self-employment? summer
vacation? paid-off debts? my own car? looser pants? The meaning of freedom won't stay still.
ALLEGORY : Is a prolonged metaphor, literary statement presenting its meaning in
veiled way. In allegory usually a series of actions which are in fact symbolic of other
actions. In an allegorical poem, everything being said in fact about the characters, the
action, is really being said about what that character or actions represents.

EXAMPLE :
Animal Farm (By George Orwell) : is a political allegory of events in Russia and
Communism
ALLITERATION : Is the repetition of the same sound at the beginning of several words
which are near one another.
EXAMPLE : Is the old jingle about Peter Piper picking a peck of picked peppers. The string
“P” sounds gives rhythmical, enchanting effect.

ALLUSION : Is the process of referring to figures or events in life or in well known literature.
The process of referring to another thing and the particular figure, event, as named in the
poem is called allusions. Not all literary allusions are obvious, indeed, there are many hidden
allusions and sometimes on of the analyst’s biggest puzzles is trying to discover what an
allusion refers to.
EXAMPLE : Don’t act like a Scrooge! (Literature – A Christmas Carol)
He studies all the time and is a regular Einstein! (Historical Figure)
Sally had a smile rivalled only by that of the Mona Lisa (Art Figure)
AMBIGUITY : Is the attempt to create mystery by suggesting several meanings and not one
more outstandingly correct than the other. The poet wants the reader to have some difficulty
determining what is meant. This is intentional ambiguity. Ambiguity results when there are at
least two different meanings which are possible or when meaning is very confused and
completely uncertain.
EXAMPLE :
Amir go to the bank
Bank : Financial institution
Bank : Sloping down to a river or lake

ANITHESIS : Results when a pair or more or strongly contrasting terms are presented
together.
EXAMPLE : “ Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.” – Goethe
“ That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” – Neil Amstrong
ARCHETYPE : Is the term used to describe an image that rescures throughout literature so
frequently that it has become an established part of our mental vocabulary. An archetype is the
original pattern from which are fashioned many repsentation of the same kind of thing.
EXAMPLE : THE HERO
He or she is a character who predominantly exhibits goodness, and struggles against evil in order
to restore harmony and justice to society.
Of hero include Beowulf, in the book Beowulf, Hercules, in the book Hercules, and d’Artagnan,
from The Three Musketeers.

ATMOSPHERE : Is the general feeling, emotion, tone and mood of a work of art.
EXAMPLE : THE VISION By Dean Knootz
“The woman raised her hands and stared at them; stared through them.
Her voice was soft but tense. ‘Blood on his hands.’ Her own hands were clean and pale.”
When we read these lines, they immediately bring to our mind an emotional response, and draw
our attention. This is exactly what atmosphere does in a literary work.
 B : BAROQUE AND BATHOS
BAROQUE : Is a style of composition which ecxtremely ornate. The term was originally used
to describe seventeenth-century architecture. The poetry of the time reflected the
characteristic contrasts found in other works. On one hand, there were serious poems about
disappointment and death; on the other hand were humorous and satirical poems. Although
there are many important poetry writers during the Baroque, the most characteristic ones are:
◦ Luís de Góngora
◦ Francisco de Quevedo
◦ Lope de Vega

EXAMPLE :
“VANITAS" (the transitory nature of life on earth & the vanity of
earthly existence, contrasted to God and eternal life)
Gryphius: "Everything is Vanity"
"Hell" (as seen by someone who has been damned)
BATHOS : Results when an attempt at creating pathos fails, and laughter rather than pity is
created, or when the poet labors excessively to illustrate something which is so trivial that it
is not of his efforts.

EXAMPLE : Her hair was finely curled, her cheeks were lined with rouge, and her
dress was a flowing green and blue which made her look rather like a tired, old peacock.

The previous sentence is an example of bathos: an abrupt turn from the serious and poetic
to the regular and silly. Rather than likening the woman to a beautiful bird, she is compared,
surprisingly, to a tired, old peacock.
 C : CACHOPHONY, CLICHÉ, CONNOTATION, CONCEIT,
CONCRETE, AND CONVENTIONAL

CACHOPHONY : The appearance of widely differing and inharmonious sounds in

close conjunction.
There is a strikingly harasch combination of sounds, ambiguity and it’s often
intentional.
To surprise or startle and annoy us, but in any case he will probably always get our
attention.
CLICHÉ : A hackneyed or outworn expression or word.
A phrase, word, or ideas become very familiar through repeated use and consequently,
less striking and interesting, even less meaningful.
A stereotyped way of saying something.

His lady’s beauty is like a rose. He is brave as lion

Example of Cliché :
A supreme cliché brings the ideas of live and death together.
 ‘’Dying of Love’’
Physically, decaying from life,
approaching death or dissolution.
 “Filled with undying hope”
Someone's undying feelings, you mean
that the feelings are very strong and are
unlikely to change.
◦ “Smitten at first sight”
A personal experience and a common
trope in literature:
Eg. romantic attraction for a stranger
upon the first sight of that st
◦ “Pinning away”
to yearn deeply; suffer with longing;
long painfully.
ranger.
 CONNOTATION
One of various implications that a word carries

Example : We are not simply naming a house but

A word “House”. rather an idea of having members of a
family joined in one place.
The use of connotation of a poet usually :

◦ For purpose and advantage.

◦ A poet can do by using a word that has the appropriate connotation.
◦ There are two kinds of connotations :
1. Private – when a certain words have feelings and associations which each people
don’t have .
2. Public - which held by the majority of the people.
 CONCEIT
to discuss the metaphysical poets of the 17th century – Dr.Johnson

- Conceit was originally from “concept’’, is a poet’s attempt to put forward a similarity
between very different an unlikely things.
- A conceit is imaginative in an intellectual way, it is complicated but is therefore also
brilliant and provocative.
- Relates one thing or idea to another intellectually.
CONVENTIONAL
- Whatever is generally accepted or agreed.
- A custom which has given wide sanction over a long period of time
D. Denotation, Diction, Didatic, Doctrinarie

1. Denotation
- The essential meaning.
- The literal meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word
suggests.
- A word does not present any emotional or subjective overtones.

2. Diction
-The use of words or the choice of words in poetry.
-Good dictions begins with this process of selection.
- Analyzing diction means examining the appropriatenesss of the vocabulary
that used in a given a poem.
 3. Diadactic
◦ Is designed to teach.
◦ A poetry which specifically wants to communicate moral or ethical instruction.

4. Doctrinarie
- A poet or poem which is strongly influenced by doctrines.
- The poem writes the themes and nuances of their particular philosophy.
 E. Epithet, Euphemism, Euphony Explication

1. Epithet : the phrase which is used to capture the most outstanding characteristics
about a person or object.
2. Euphemism : a figure of speech which veils the obvious word with another, less
direct one.
3. Euphony : the opposite of cacopony, the result when a poet has selected sounds
which are compitable harmonious.
4. Explication : the analysis of a literary work, to examine the various components
such imaginery, ambiguity, rhythm, etc.
 F: Figurative language,Foreshadowing, Form, Frame of
Reference

◦ Figurative Language : Figurative language is language which employs various figures

of speech. Some examples of figurative language are metaphor, simile,
antithesis,hyperbole and paradox. When a poet using figurative language, he is making
imaginative descriptions in fresh ways.
◦ Example :
 This coffee shop is an ice box! (Metaphor)
 I’ve told you a million times to clean your room ! (Hyperbole)
 I move fast like a cheetah on the serengeti (Simile)
 Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing (antithesis)
 I know one thing ; that I know nothing ( Paradox)
◦ Foreshadowing
◦ Foreshadowing is the method of giving hints in advance of what is to come later.
Sometimes a poet will suggest early, often through imagery, in the poem what will
happen later in the poem. This suggestion, which is similar to a movie “preview” is
called foreshadowing or adumbration.
◦ Example :
 In Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet” Romeo says he prefers to die sooner than live
without Juliet’s love : “ Life were better ended by their hate, than death prorogued,
wanting of thy love”
 In the fairy tale , Little red riding hood the mother i concerned for her safety and
that foreshadows the appearance of the big bad wolf.
◦ Form
◦ Form is the organization of the parts of a poem into a whole. If a poem has fourteen
lines, it is said to have the form of sonnet .
◦ In a poem we are usually able to describe the details of the form with the various
tools versification discussed in the preceding chapter. The sonnet, the roundel, the
hymn, the ode , the eulogy and the occasional poem are all established or
conventional literary forms.
◦ Example :
 Sonnet by shakespeare, by Demeter
 Brittain Roundel
 Pindaric ode,horatian ode,irregular ode
◦ Frame of Reference
◦ Frame of reference is the background of a poem. We consider a poem “ in a context”
or “ within a frame of reference.” When we want to discuss a poem about a fairy
princess we must know something about fairy princess poems in general. If we are
studying an anglo saxon poem about monateries, we must know something about
other similar poems and about the conventional anglo saxon attitudes toward
monasteries. In other words we must place the poem within the proper philosophical,
thematic or historical dimensions.
 H : HYPERBOLE

◦ Hyperbole
◦ Hyperbole is a figure speech which uses exaggeratioon. Hyperbole differs from
exaggeration in that it is extreme or excessive. Sometimes it is used for comic purposes
but more often is used seriously. Hyperbole can produce a very dramatic effect.
Shakespeare uses hyperbole in a sonnet
◦ Example :
◦ Shakespeare
In faith, I do not love thee with mine eyes
For they in thee a thousand errors note
the idea of seeing a thousand errors is of course an exaggeration or hyperbolic
expression of the poet’s glimpse of his lady’s imperfection.
 I : IMAGERY AND IRONY
◦ Imagery
◦ Imagery is images, pictures or sensory content which we find in a poem. Images are
imaginative or fanciful descriptions of people or objects stated in terms of our senses.
◦ When we study the imagery of a poem we are studying the entire world in which meaning
of the poem dwells. This is the world that the poet has carefully created through his
decision to select certain words and images rather than others.
◦ Example :
 The words spread like leaves in a storm
 The lake was left shivering by the touch of morning wind
 Her blue eyes were as bright as the sun , blue as the sky, but soft as a silk
◦ Irony
◦ Irony results from the contrast between the actual meaning of a word or statement
and the suggestion of another meaning. It has the intended implications that are
often actually a mockery of what is literally being stated. Different from irony,
sarcasm is a heavier-handed irony, usually harsh and biting, while irony can be
light,comic and playful.
◦ When a poet uses irony he is playing with the reader asking him as it were to share
in a private joke. This effect is not only limited to verbal irony. There can be irony in
situation, organization, or in a work as a whole, etc.
◦ Example :
◦ The doctor is as kind hearted as a wolf
◦ The desert was as cool as a bed or burning coals
◦ My friend’s kids get along like cats and dogs
THANK YOU
Do you have any question ?