ENGG1100 Introduction to Engineering Design

Introduction to
Engineering Drawing

Professor Yunhui Liu

Dept. of Mechanical and Automation Engineering
Spring, 2014

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong 1

 What is Engineering Drawing?
 An engineering drawing is a type of
technical drawing used to fully and clearly define
requirements for engineered items (from
en.wikipedia.org)
• a formal and precise way (graphic
language) for communicating
information about the shape and size of
physical objects.
• a mean for specifying the precision of
physical objects.

Important as it is a legal document, i.e., if

the drawings are wrong, it is the fault of the
engineers!

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong 2

Why ? Effectiveness of Engineering Drawing

1. Try to write a description of

this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size,
size shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
MAE, CUHK From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering applications” uses
lines to represent the surfaces,
surfaces edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing”

drawing or “drafting”
drafting .

A drawing can be done using freehand,

freehand instruments
or computer methods.

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 5

Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example

6
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 7

Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, SolidWorks etc.

Example

8
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing is made up of graphics language
and word language.
language

Graphics Projections of the object

language
Describe a shape
(mainly by projected views).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
9
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
 PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Parallel

Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview
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From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
 PROJECTION THEORY

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)

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From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 12

Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which
the image is created.
The image is produced by connecting the points where
the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 13

Orthographic Projection
Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique
in which the parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the
projection plane
Object views from top
1

2
1 5 2 3 4

5
3

Projection plane

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 14

 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight. Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.

Multiview drawing

Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Axonometric drawing
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From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
 Multiview Projections
 Project an object from six principal directions (front, back,
top, bottom, right, left)

(From lecture notes of course MAEG2010)

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong 16

Auxiliary Views
 Used to show true dimensions of an inclined plane.

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From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
 Isometric Drawing
• Represent 3-D objects by a 2D view in the projection in
which the coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened.
• It is easy to understand the 3-D shape
• However, the projection causes shape and angle distortions

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong 18

Drawing Standards
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

19
From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
 Drawing Standards
 Standards on
 Sizes and Format of Drawings
 Lines
 Scales
 Projection methods
 Presentation of view and sections
 Lettering
 Dimensioning
 …

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong 20

 Standard on Placement of Projected Views:
First Angle Projection

ISO standard
Used in Europe, etc

From mytvmoments.com

Directly project images

along the line of sight
Bottom view
-Front view is put at the middle
Left view
-Top view is put at the bottom
-Right view is put on the left Right view
(En.wikipedia.com)

Front view Back view

Top view
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 Standard on Placement of Views:
Third Angle Projection
 The positions of the viewpoint and location of the projection view are
the same
 Right side view is located at right
 Left side view is located at left
 …
 Mainly used in US

MAE Dept., The Chinese University of Hong Kong 22

Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
A2
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)

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From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
Basic Line Types
Name according
Types of Lines Appearance
to application

Continuous thick line Visible line

Continuous thin line Dimension line

Extension line
Leader line

Dash thick line Hidden line

Chain thin line Center line

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 24

Types of Line

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From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
Alphabet of Lines

Visible lines
Hidden lines
Center line
Break line
Dimension & extension lines
Section lines
Cutting plane lines
Phantom lines

From MAE 2010

Line Conventions
 Visible Lines – solid thick lines that represent visible edges or contours
 Hidden Lines – short evenly spaced dashes that depict hidden features
 Section Lines – solid thin lines that indicate cut surfaces
 Center Lines – alternating long and short dashes
 Dimensioning
 Dimension Lines - solid thin lines showing dimension extent/direction
 Extension Lines - solid thin lines showing point or line to which dimension
applies
 Leaders – direct notes, dimensions, symbols, part numbers, etc. to features on
drawing
 Cutting-Plane and Viewing-Plane Lines – indicate location of cutting planes for sectional
views and the viewing position for removed partial views
 Break Lines – indicate only portion of object is drawn. May be random “squiggled” line
or thin dashes joined by zigzags.
 Phantom Lines – long thin dashes separated by pairs of short dashes indicate alternate
positions of moving parts, adjacent position of related parts and repeated detail
 Chain Line – Lines or surfaces with special requirements
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From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
Dimensioning
Two types of dimensioning: (1) Size and location
dimensions and (2) Detail dimensioning

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From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood
Units of Dimensions
Angle Dimensions
 Length
 English - Inches, unless otherwise
stated
 SI – millimeter, mm
 Angle
 degrees, minutes, seconds

From Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 29