OCEAN ENGINEERING - ITS

Welding Metallurgy
Nur Syahroni, ST., MT., PhD.

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323)

1
 Continuous Cooling
Transformation (CCT) Diagram

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 2

Continuous Cooling Transformation
(CCT) Diagram
 Isothermal heat treatments are
not the most practical
 Most heat treatments for steels
involve the continuous cooling of
a specimen to room temperature
 An isothermal transformation
(TTT) diagram is valid only for
conditions of constant
temperature,
 TTT diagram must be modified
for transformations that occur as
the temperature is constantly
changing, that is called CCT
diagram
 CCT diagram is applicable for
the case of welding
carbon steel with 0.76%wt C
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 3
Continuous Cooling Transformation
(CCT) Diagram
 For eutectoid composition,
normally bainite will not form
because all the austenite will
have transformed to pearlite
 Thus, the region representing
the austenite–pearlite
transformation terminates
just below the nose as
indicated by the curve AB

carbon steel with 0.76%wt C

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 4

Continuous Cooling Transformation
(CCT) Diagram
 For the continuous cooling of
a steel alloy, there exists a
critical quenching rate, which
represents the minimum rate
of quenching that will
produce a totally martensitic
structure
 This critical cooling rate,
when included on the
continuous transformation
diagram, will just miss the
nose at which the pearlite
transformation begins

carbon steel with 0.76%wt C

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 5

Continuous Cooling Transformation
(CCT) Diagram
 Carbon and other alloying
elements also shift the pearlite
(as well as the proeutectoid
phase) and bainite noses to
longer times, thus decreasing
the critical cooling rate
 Find the final phases produced
when the AISI 4340 steel is
heated up to eutectoid
temperature and cooled down
to the ambient temparature
with cooling rate as follows:
◦ 0.005oC/s, 0.01oC/s, 0.2oC/s
◦ 5oC/s and 10oC/s
Alloy steel AISI 4340
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 6
Continuous Cooling Transformation
(CCT) Diagram
Final microstructures are
resulted from following cooling
rates:
 0.005oC/s (very slow)
◦ Ferrite pro-eutectoid + Pearlite
 0.01oC/s (rather slow)
◦ Martensite + Ferrite pro-
eutectoid + Pearlite + Bainite
 0.2oC/s
◦ Martensite + Ferrite pro-
eutectoid + Bainite
 5oC/s
◦ Martensite + Bainite
 10oC/s
Alloy steel AISI 4340
◦ Martensite
Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 7
Mechanical Properties of
Carbon Steels

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 8

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 9

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 10

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels

 Because bainitic steels have a

finer structure, they are
generally stronger and harder
than pearlitic ones
 They exhibit a desirable
combination of strength and
ductility

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 11

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels

 Martensite is very hard, but

so brittle
 To enhance ductility and
toughness of martensite,
tempering can be performed
 Temper heat treatment is
carried out by heating
martensite up to the
temperature below eutectoid
(250-650oC) for a specified
time period
 By diffusional process,
tempered martensite is
formed by reaction:

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 12

Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steels
 The microstructure of tempered
martensite consists of extremely
small and uniformly dispersed
cementite particles embedded
within a continuous ferrite Tempering was carried out at 594oC
matrix
 This is similar to the
microstructure of spheroidite
except that the cementite
particles are much, much smaller
 Tempered martensite may be
nearly as hard and strong as
martensite, but with substantially
enhanced ductility and toughness

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 13

Review of Phase Transformations and
Mechanical Properties for Carbon Steels

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 14

Review of Phase Transformations and
Mechanical Properties for Carbon Steels

Welding Technology & Inspection (MO-141323) 15