The Sun

 It is the only star in the solar

system.
 It is about 150 million km. away
from the Earth
 It is a middle-sized yellow star
 Our Sun is a normal main-
sequence G2 star, one of more
than 100 billion stars in our
galaxy.
 It has a diameter of 1,140,00 km.
hundred times of the diameter of
the Earth.
 Its volume could take in a million
earth.
 It rotates once every 25 days at the
equator and once every 33 days at
the poles
 The different rotation of the sun
states that the sun is not solid but
rather a mass of gases
 Zone R/R(0) Temperatur Density Energy
e ( K) (g/cm3) Transport

~
Core 0.0 - 0.25 15,000,000 - ~ 160 - 10 Radiative
8,000,000

~ 8,000,000
Radiative ~ 0.25 - 0.85 ~ 10 - 0.01 Radiative
- 500,000

~ 500,000 -
Convective ~ 0.85 - 1.00 < 0.01 Convective
10,000
 The Helium Core
 It is about 15 000 000°C
- with this temperature hydrogen atoms in
the core combines in a series of reactions
to form helium atoms.
- since this helium atom has a mass less
than the original four hydrogen atoms .
- the mass lost from the atoms during the
reaction is converted to radiant and thermal
energy. This is the source of the suns
energy
-every second the sun converts 4 million
tons of matter into energy.
 Radiative Zone
% It extends to about 90% of the suns
radius
% The helium gases formed in the suns
core cannot escape because of the
overlying layers of gases known as the
radiative zone.
% These gases are very dense about 110
times the density of water.
% Only the radiant energy can pass
through these layer
% and it takes about 10 million years for the
energy to pass through this zone
 Convective Envelope

 it is where the radiant energy from the

core is absorbed and converted into
thermal energy
 The great amount of thermal and
radiant energy absorbed by this
envelope heats the gases, causing
them to rise, become turbulent and
create disturbances on the outer part
of the sun
 The Corona

 It is the outermost part of the sun

 It is seen as an envelope of white
light around the sun during a total
solar eclipse
 It has a temperature of about 1-2
million °C
Red Corona of
the Sun
Solar Prominence
 The Chromosphere

 It is the next layer after the corona

 It extends to a height of 5 000 km.
from the sun surface
 It’s temperature increase with it’s
height from 3700°C to 49 700°C
 The Photosphere
 It is the layer below the
chromosphere
 It is the only visible part of the sun
 It has a temperature of about 6000°C
 Most of the sun’s activity starts here
 It is the principal source of the suns
radiation
> These are the bright and dark
spots on the surface of the sun.
> They are actually bubbles of hot
gases hundred of kilometers in
diameter
> They are the main source of
radiation
 Solar Prominences

 These are big eruptions on the

surface of the sun
 They are often referred as fiery
fountain, and one can be
likened to the explosion of 100
000 hydrogen bombs
 Spicule or Solar Flare

 It is usually a small but sharp

eruption that which last for about
15 minutes to one hour
 It is lying flat and with a bigger
and longer stem
 It usually occurs near a sunspot
 Sunspot
 Is a region on the surface of the sun which
is darker because it is several thousand
degrees cooler than it’s surroundings.
 Temperatures within a sunspot is lower
(about 537.7°C) than around the spot
(about 6093.3°C).
 Recent studies of sunspots show them to
be huge magnetic storms which develop in
the sun’s interior and erupt on the surface.
 Astronomers believed that the strong
magnetic lines of force are weak
 The number of sunspots varies every
year, but the heaviest concentration
occurs every 11 years.
 Sunspot activities are also believed to
influence the growth of trees as shown by
the thickness of the growth rings of
certain trees.