Lesson 5 :

“Corpuscles to Chemical
Atomic Theory”

(Development of Atomic
Theory)
John Dalton
Born: September 6,1766
Died: July 27, 1844 age 78
- 1803

- He developed a theory that matter is

simply composed of atoms of different
weights and is combined in ratios by
weight. Also proposed that these atoms
are spherical, and are in motion.
JJ Thompson
Born: December 18, 1856
Died: August 30,1940 age 84
- 1897

- He described atoms as ball of positive

charge containing a number of electron,
discovered the electron
Ernest Rutherford
Born: August 30, 1871
Died: October 19, 1937 age 66
- 1911

- He developed the theory for the

structure of the atom. He used a gold foil
experiment, observing the scattering of
alpha particles.
- structure of the atom developed.
Neil Bohr
Born: October 7, 1885
Died: November 18, 1962 age 77
- 1913

- He developed the Bohr atomic model,

with electrons travelling in orbits around
the nucleus and chemical properties
being determined by how many electrons
are in the outer orbits.
Bohr Model
Erwin Shrodinger
-1926

-He described how electrons move in

wave form, and developed the
Schrodinger equation which describes ho
w the quantum state of a system changes
with time.
James Chadwick
Born: October 20, 1891
Died: July 24, 1974
-1932

-He discovers the neuton component of

the Atomic Nucleus, Explaining the
nuclear fission of uranium 232. This also
made it possible to produce element
heavier than uranium in the lab.
-Scientist that contributed to the
development of atoms and elements.
Robert Boyle
-Corpuscles were certain primitive and
simple, or perfectly unmingled bodies.

-He recognized elements as the simplest

subtances.

-He emphasized the need to observe and

the presence of corpuscles in alchemical
experiments.
Antoinie Lavoisier
Born: August 26, 1743
-He disproved the principle of
Phlogiston.

-He showed that air is not an element

and He found different “types of air. One
of which caused burning to happen, the
oxygen.
Lesson 6:
HENRY MOSELEY, THE
ATOMIC NUMBER, AND
SYNTHESIS OF
ELEMENTS
Henry Moseley
• Henry Moseley who was a researcher at Rutherford’s
laboratory
• Discovered that each element has a unique atomic number
• Lived 1887 – 1915.
• Henry Moseley was an outstandingly skilled experimental
physicist. In 1913 he used self-built equipment to prove
that every element’s identity is uniquely determined by the
number of protons it has. His discovery revealed the true
basis of the periodic table and enabled Moseley to predict
confidently the existence of four new chemical elements,
all of which were found.
• Explain that organizing the elements by their weight did not always give a
periodic alignment of their chemical properties. Moseley noticed that
shooting electrons at elements caused them to release x-rays at unique
frequencies.

• He also noticed that the frequency increased by a certain amount when the
“positive charge” of the chosen element was higher. By arranging the
elements according to the square root of the frequency they emitted, he
was able to draw out an arrangement of elements that more correctly
predicted periodic trends.
• Mention the experimental evidence he gave to an existing hypothesis:
that the elements’ atomic number, or place in the periodic table, was
uniquely tied to their “positive charge”, or the number of protons they
had. This discovery allowed for a better arrangement of the periodic
table, and predicted elements that were not yet discovered

• His method of identifying elements by shooting electrons and looking at x-

rays became a very useful tool in characterizing elements, and is now called
x-ray spectroscopy. Synthesis of Elements The invention of the device
called cyclotron paved the way for transmuting one element into another
artificially. The high-energy particles that are produced from the cyclotron
upon hitting heavy target nuclei produce heavier nuclei.
• The bombarding of Mo with deuteron formed
technicium which is the first artificially made
element. Its name is derived from the Greek word
“technetos” which means artificial.
The Transuranic Elements

Transuranic elements are synthetic elements with

atomic numbers higher than that of Uranium (Z = 92).
Neptunium (Z = 93) – synthesized by E.M. MacMillan
in 1940

Plutonium (Z = 94)
The Superheavy Elements

Superheavy elements are elements with atomic numbers

beyond 103. These are produced by bombarding heavy
nuclear targets with accelerated heavy projectiles.

Bohrium (Z = 107) – projectile used was Cr