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Chapter 1
Chapter 1
4 )waterfall
B.GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
TASTE AND ODOUR IS HARD TO MEASURE AS THERE IS CONSIDERABLE DIFFERENCES AMONG PEOPLE AS TO WHICH
TASTES AND ODOURS ARE ACCEPTABLE.
• COLOUR
COLOUR MEASURED IS DEFINED AS "APPARENT COLOUR"; "TRUE COLOUR" IS MEASURED IN WATER SAMPLES FROM
WHICH PARTICULATE MATTER HAS BEEN REMOVED BY CENTRIFUGATION.
• TEMPERATURE
• ACIDITY
• ALKALINITY
• HARDNESS
• CHLORIDES
• SULPHATES
• IRON
• SOLIDS
• NITRATES
A SALT OR ESTER OF NITRIC ACID, CONTAINING THE ANION NO3− OR THE GROUP –NO3
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
COLIFORM
COLIFORM BACTERIA ARE A COMMONLY USED BACTERIAL INDICATOR OF SANITARY
QUALITY OF FOODS AND WATER
FAECAL COLIFORMS ARE THE GROUP OF THE TOTAL COLIFORMS THAT ARE
CONSIDERED TO BE PRESENT SPECIFICALLY IN THE GUT AND FAECES OF WARM-
BLOODED ANIMALS. ... CONSEQUENTLY, E. COLI IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE SPECIES OF
COLIFORM BACTERIA THAT IS THE BEST INDICATOR OF FECAL POLLUTION AND THE
POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF PATHOGENS
VIRUS
ULTRAMICROSCOPIC INFECTIOUS AGENT THAT REPLICATES ITSELF ONLY WITHIN
CELLS OF LIVING HOSTS.
PROTOZOA
A PHYLUM OR GROUPING OF PHYLA THAT COMPRISES THE SINGLE-CELLED
MICROSCOPIC ANIMALS, WHICH INCLUDE AMEBAS, FLAGELLATES AND CILIATES.
1.3 WATER CONTAMINANT
GENERATION
DISEASES IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES CAUSED BY GERMS FROM POLLUTED WATER
BACTERIAL DISEASES
• SALMONELLOSIS
• SHIGELLOSIS
VIRAL DISEASES
• GASTROENTERITIS
• HEPATITIS A
PARASITIC
• GIARDIASIS
• HOOKWORM INFECTION (THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT HOOKWORM LARVAE CAN LIVE IN DRINKING WATER)
FIG. 6.12: STOMACH UPSETS CAN BE CAUSED BY CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER.
• A LAGOON OVERFLOW EFFLUENT PIPE DISCHARGING INTO A RIVER OR STREAM SUPPLYING DRINKING WATER
• PEOPLE OR OTHER ANIMALS SWIMMING, WASHING OR GOING TO THE TOILET IN A DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
INDIRECTLY BY :
• CONTAMINATION FROM AN EFFLUENT SYSTEM, SUCH AS A LEACH DRAIN TOO CLOSE TO A BORE OR THE
OVERFLOW FROM A LAGOON FLOWING INTO A WATER SUPPLY