ATOMS, MOLECULES,

AND IONS
COURSE OUTCOME 2
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Understand the composition and structure of atoms and the
terms atomic number and mass number.
• Remember the terminology of the periodic table and know
how to use the information given in the periodic table and
some common elements and identify some of their
properties.
DALTON’S ATOMIC
THEORY
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
 DALTON’S ATOMIC
THEORY
Introduced by John Dalton (1766 – 1844). His ideas was
introduced in 1803.
1. Each element is composed of extremely small particles
called atoms
2. All the atoms of a given element are identical, but they
differ from those of any other element
3. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in any chemical
reaction
4. A given compound are formed by a combination of two or
more different kinds of atoms.
LAWS OF MATTER
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
 LAWS OF MATTER
1. The Law or Mass Conservation
• Matter cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change
forms.
2. The Law of Definite Proportions
• The proportion of elements in any compound is always the
same.
3. The Law of Multiple Proportions
• If two elements combine to form different compounds, the
ratio of masses of the second element that react with a fixed
mass of the first element will be a simple whole numbered
ratio
HISTORY OF ATOMS
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
 DEMOCRITUS
• There are various basic elements
from which all matter is made
• Everything is composed of small
atoms moving in a void
• Some atoms are round, pointy, oily,
have hooks, etc. to account for their
properties
• Ideas rejected by leading
philosophers because void = no
existence
JOHN DALTON
His ideas was introduced in 1803.
1. Each element is composed of
extremely small particles called
atoms
2. All the atoms of a given element are
identical, but they differ from those
of any other element
3. Atoms are neither created nor
destroyed in any chemical reaction
4. A given compound are formed by a
combination of two or more different
kinds of atoms.
J.J. THOMSON
• Discovered electron 1897 –
Cathode Ray Experiment
• Plum Pudding model 1904
 Electrons in a soup of positive
charges
• Discovered isotopes 1913
J.J. THOMSON

Cathode Ray Tube Plum Pudding

ERNEST RUTHERFORD
• Nucleus Theory 1910
• alpha particle gold foil experiment
• An atom’s mass is mostly in the
nucleus
• The nucleus has a positive
charge (Moseley)
• Electrons in fixed orbit
ERNEST RUTHERFORD

Gold Foil
Experiment
ERNEST RUTHERFORD

Gold Foil
Experiment
ERNEST RUTHERFORD

Gold Foil
Experiment
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
The gold foil experiment concludes that atoms:
1. must be mostly space
2. must have a very small, dense area of +
charge
3. protons have same charge as e-, but almost
2000x more mass!
 NEILS BOHR
• Planetary Model 1913
• Nucleus surrounded by orbiting
electrons at different energy
levels
• Electrons have definite orbits
• Utilized Planck’s Quantum Energy
theory
• Worked on the Manhattan Project
(US atomic bomb)
NEILS BOHR
NEILS BOHR
BOHR’S MODEL
• The lowest allowable energy state of an atom is called its
ground state.
• When an atom gains energy, it is in an excited state.
• Bohr suggested that an electron moves around the nucleus
only in certain allowed circular orbits.
 ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER 1887-1961
WERNER HEISENBERG 1901-
1976
Quantum Mechanical Model 1926
• Electrons are in probability zones
called “orbitals”, not orbits and
the location cannot be pinpointed
• Electrons are particles and waves
at the same time
ERNST
SCHRÖDINGER
• Developed quantum numbers
based on theories of Einstein and
WERNER Planck
HEISENBERG
SUMMARY
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
 ATOMIC MASS UNIT (amu)
• Defined as a more convenient unit for reporting
mass of small numbers of atoms
• 12C is used as the reference
• 1 amu is defined as exactly 1/12 of a 12C atom
ATOMIC NUMBER AND
ATOMIC MASS
ATOMIC NUMBER
• All atoms of a given element have the same
number of protons in the nucleus.
• Given the symbol Z. Atomic
number

Symbol
ATOMIC NUMBER AND
ATOMIC MASS
ATOMIC WEIGHT
• It is the sum of the number of protons and
neutrons for an atom
Atomic
• Given the symbol A. number

A = mass number = number of protons + Symbol

number of neutrons
ATOMIC NUMBER AND
ATOMIC MASS
1 4 12 16 63
1
H 2 He 6
C 8O 30
Zn

Mass number (A)

Atomic number (Z)

 ISOTOPES
• They are atoms with the same atomic number but different
mass numbers.
• Scientist often refer to a particular isotope by giving its mass
number.
• But for hydrogen, its isotopes are so important that they have
special names and symbol.
H (hydrogen) – hydrogen with 1 proton
D (deuterium) – hydrogen with 1 proton and 1 neutron
T (tritium) – hydrogen with 1 proton and 2 neutrons
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
PROTON
discovered by Ernest Rutherford. It has a +1 relative charge and has a
relative mass of 1.
Mass = 1.6726x10-27 kg
The number of proton is equal to the atomic number.
• # Proton = Atonic Number
• Example: Kr has 36 Atomic Number and has 36 protons

CHM01 – General Chemistry 1 29

ELECTRON
discovered by J.J. Thomson. It has a -1 relative charge and has 0 relative
mass.
Mass = 9.1096x10-31 kg
The number of electron is equal to the number of protons
• # Electron = # Proton
• Example: Kr has 36 proton and has 36 electron

CHM01 – General Chemistry 1 30

NEUTRON
discovered by James Chadwick. It has 0 relative charge and has 1 relative
mass.
Mass = 1.67510x10-27 kg
The number of neutron is equal to the atomic weight(rounded to the nearest
whole number) minus the number of proton.
• # Neutron = atomic weight – protons
• Ex: Krypton has mass number of 84 and 36 protons
• # Neutron = 84 – 36
• #Neutron = 48

CHM01 – General Chemistry 1 31

SUMMARY
1. Number of Protons = Atomic Number
2. Number of Electrons = Protons
3. Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Protons

CHM01 – General Chemistry 1 32

EXAMPLES
Symbol Atomic Proton Neutron Atomic Electron Charge
Number Mass

Ge 32 41

27.94 50.94 -1

S2- 16 32.07 18

CHM01 – General Chemistry 1 33

ANSWERS
Symbol Atomic Proton Neutron Atomic Electron Charge
Number Mass

Ge 32 32 41 72.63 32 0

V- 23 23 27.94 50.94 24 -1

S2- 16 16 16 32.07 18 -2

CHM01 – General Chemistry 1 34

EXERCISE
Symbol Atomic Proton Neutron Atomic Electron Charge
Number Mass
1. 120.59 78 +2
2. Ta5+ 73 107.95 180.95
3. 8 16 -2
4. 42 36 +6
5. U6+ 146.03 86
6. 20 18 +2
7. I- 53 126.90
8. Ne 10.18 20.18
9. 5 2 +3
10. Pb2+ 82 125.2

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