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IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 1

Collision/Broadcast Domain
• The term collision domain defines the set of
devices for which their frames could collide
• A broadcast domain is a set of NICs for which a
broadcast frame sent by one NIC will be received
by all other NICs in the broadcast domain.
• Hub?
• Bridge?
• Switches?
• Routers?
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Identify collision and broadcast domains for each case


IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 3

10-Mbps Ethernet
• No hub, switch, or wiring panel. The series of cables
creates an electrical bus
• the carrier sense multiple access collision detect
(CSMA/CD)

• 10Base2: 10Mbps, baseband technology, almost 200


meters
• 10Base5: 10Mbps, baseband technology, almost 5 00
meters
IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 4

Ethernet Networking with a Hub


Half-Duplex 10BaseT

1. The network interface card


(NIC) sends a frame.
2. The NIC loops the sent frame
onto its receive pair.
3. The hub receives the frame.
4. The hub sends the frame
across an internal bus so that
all other NICs can receive the
electrical signal.
5. The hub repeats the signal to
each receive pair to all other
devices.
IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 5

Ethernet Networking with a Switch


Full Duplex Ethernet
• Full-duplex means that an
Ethernet card can send
and receive concurrently.
• Use a switch or direct
connection from host to
using a crossover cable.
• The switch interprets the
electrical signal as an
Ethernet frame and
processes the frame to
make a decision.
• Hub – Layer 1
• Switch – Layer 2
IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 6

Basic Ethernet Features


10Base2, 10Base5 Single bus cabled serially between devices using coaxial
cable.

10BaseT with a Hub One electrical bus shared among all devices creating a single
collision domain, cabled in a star topology using twisted-pair
cabling

10BaseT with a Switch One electrical bus per switch port creating multiple collision
domains, cabled in a star topology using twisted-pair cabling

Half Duplex Logic that requires a card to only send or receive at a single
point in time. Used to avoid collisions

Full Duplex Logic that enables concurrent sending and receiving, allowed
when one device is attached to a switch port, ensuring that
no collisions can occur.
IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 7

Ethernet Addressing
• Ethernet uses MAC address burned into
each NIC.
• 48 bits (6 bytes)
• First 3 bytes assigned by IEEE
• Unicast MAC Address
• Broadcast MAC Address (FFFF.FFFF.FFFF)
• Multicast Address
IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 8

Ethernet Frames
• Framing defines how
a string of binary
numbers is
interpreted
• Preamble
• SD: Start frame eliminator
• Destination MAC address
– Unicast
– Broadcast
– Multicast
• Source address
• Length of file
• DSAP SSAP, SNAP (Subnet Network Access Protocol)
• Control/Data
• Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 9

Ethernet Cabling
Straight-Through Cable
• Host to Switch or hub
• Router to Switch or hub

Rolled Cable
• Serial Port

Crossover Cable
• Switch to Switch
• Hub to Hub
• Host to Host
IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 10

Data Encapsulation
Hello! &@$

• Step 1: Data Conversion


Application hello PDU1 101010011100100100100

Presentation PDU2 PDU1 101010011100100100100

Session PDU3 PDU2 PDU1 101010011100100100100


Name: Data Stream

• Step 2: Data segmentation


TCP PDU3 PDU2 PDU1 0101010
Transport
TCP PDU3 PDU2 PDU1 0100100

: : Name: Segment
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• Step 3: Packet creation for routing


IP TCP PDU3 PDU2 PDU1 0101010
Network
IP TCP PDU3 PDU2 PDU1 0100100

: :
Name: Packet or Datagram

• Step 4: Frame Header


LLC 802.2
Data Link
MAC 802.3
MAC LLC IP TCP PDU3 PDU2 PDU1 0101010 FCS
Name: Frame

• Step 5: Transmission
Physical
Layer 10010100001
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LAN Design Models


• Mesh design
• Hierarchical design
– Three-layer network
model
– Two-layer network
model
– One-layer network
model
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Three Layer Model


• Core-layer
• Distribution Layer
– a backbone network
connecting all LANs
– no end user at this
level
– implementation of
security and network
policies
• Access Layer
IST 228\Ch1\Internetworking 14

Two and One-Layer Model

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