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HOW T H E S O C I E T Y C A N A L L O C AT E I T S L I M I T E D R E S O U R C E S
M O S T E F F I C I E N T LY ?
DIVIDEDI N T O D I S T I N C T A R E A S O F S T U D Y, M I C R O E C O N O M I C S
AND MACROECONOMICS.
EXERCISE:
Macroeconomics is important for all: Individual, consumer, firm or
government.
L E A R N I N G T H AT T H E VA R I A B L E S I N A N Y E C O N O M I C M O D E L C A N
B E A S T O C K O R A F L O W.
S TAT I C R E L AT I O N S H I P ( W H E N A L L VA R I A B L E S R E L AT E T O T H E
SAME TIME PERIOD)
D Y N A M I C R E L AT I O N S H I P ( W H E N A L L T H E VA R I A B L E S R E L AT E
TO DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS).
G I V E N S E T O F R E L AT I O N S H I P S B E T W E E N T H E VA R I A B L E S M AY
LEAD TO EQUILIBRIUM OR A DISEQUILIBRIUM SOLUTION.
Macroeconomics and Microeconomics
• ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
• of limited resources and unlimited wants.
• of scarcity
• EXERCISE:
• Criticism:
• Too much restrictive policy measures led to 1970 recession, not successful
in checking recession.
• Tools focused too much on controlling the aggregate demand and
neglected the supply side.
3. Post Keynesian Economics, monetarism.
• In the 1970’s the classical theory took a new turn with the introduction
of the concept of rational expectations.
Economic concept
People make choices based on their rational outlook, available
information and past experiences.
This contrasts with the idea that government policy influences people's
decisions
CASE: Great Recession 1929
Great Depression was a worldwide economic depression that lasted 10
years. Its kickoff was “Black Thursday," October 24, 1929. That's when
traders sold 12.9 million shares of stock in one day, triple the usual amount.
Over the next four days, stock prices fell 23 percent in the stock market
crash of 1929. The Great Depression had already started in August when
the economy contracted.
VIEWPOINT OF AN INDIVIDUAL:
W H O I S M A N A G I N G H I S O W N A S S E T P O R T F O L I O ; I T M AY B E O F C O N S I D E R A B L E
I M P O R T A N C E T O B E A W A R E O F T H E C U R R E N T F I S C A L P O L I C Y ; G O V T M AY B U Y B A C K
OR RE-ISSUE BONDS
VIEWPOINT OF BUSINESS:
L I E S I N WAN T I N G T O K N O W W H E T H E R O R N O T T O E X PAN D P R O D U C T I O N
VIEWPOINT OF GOVERNMENT;
T U R N S TO M AC R O - E C O N O M Y W H E N P L AN N I N G I T S B U D G E T AN D TAX E S , D E C I D I N G O N
T H E I N T E R E S T R AT E S A N D M A K I N G I T S O T H E R P O L I C Y D E C I S I O N S .
V I E W P O I N T O F AN E C O N O M Y:
I T S P E R F O R M A N C E I S E V A L U A T E D B Y T H E N A T I O N A L O U T P U T, T H E R AT E OF
U N E M P L O Y M E N T, T H E I N F L A T I O N R A T E A N D T H E T R A D E P E R F O R M A N C E . 11
E C O N O M Y ’ S S TAB I L I T Y AN D G R O W T H ,
V I E W P O I N T O F A N M A C R O E C O N O M I S T S A R E I N V O LV E D I N T R Y I N G T O A N A LY S E T H E
S H O R T - R U N F L U C T U AT I O N S I N T H E N AT I O N A L I N C O M E W H I C H L E A D T O T H E
Concepts in Macroeconomics
• STOCK
• Quantity which is measured at a point in time.
• W H I L E A C H A N G E I N S T O C K O C C U R S D U E T O A C H A N G E I N T H E F L O W, A
C H A N G E I N F L O W M AY A L S O B E I N F L U E N C E D B Y A C H A N G E I N S T O C K .
• E Q U I L I B R I U M I S A S T AT E O F B A L A N C E O R A S T AT E W H E R E T H E R E I S N O
C H A N G E . D I S E Q U I L I B R I U M I S A S T AT E O F I M B A L A N C E .
• FLOW E Q U I L I B R I U M C A N B E TA K E N A S S H O R T R U N E Q U I L I B R I U M .
S T O C K E Q U I L I B R I U M C A N B E TA K E N A S L O N G R U N E Q U I L I B R I U M .
• DYNAMIC MODELS 12
• Trace the changes that occur in the values of the different variables over time.
Partial Equilibrium and General Equilibrium
• PA R T I A L E Q U I L I B R I U M A N A LY S I S ( M A R S H A L L ’ S )
• G E N E R A L E Q U I L I B R I U M A N A LY S I S ( L E O N W A L R A S … )
• Involves a state where all the markets and the decision making
units in the economy are in a simultaneous equilibrium.