10CE6107 ADVANCED

THEORY AND DESIGN OF

CONCRETE STRUCTURES
OBJECTIVES

• The objectives of this course are for the student to become able to:
1. recognize design criteria in IS 456 and ACI 318 concerning the
behaviour and design of reinforced concrete members and structures
are simple applications of the fundamentals of statics and applied
mechanics;
2. document decisions made during the design process in coherent and
legible design calculations;
3. design structural concrete members and systems that are safe,
serviceable, and economical.
• Stress-strain characteristics of concrete under multi- axial stresses- confined
concrete-Effect of cyclic loading on concrete and reinforcing steel. Ultimate
Deformation and ductility of members with flexure- strength and deformation
of members with tension -Control of deflections- immediate and long term
deflections- Control of cracking – classical theory of cracking- International
codal procedures on crack-width computation.
• Strut and Tie Models- Development- Design methodology- selecting
dimensions for struts- ACI Provisions- Applications- RCC beam – column joints-
classification – shear strength design of exterior and interior joints- wide beam
joints.
• Strength and ductility of concrete frames- analysis of shear walls- distribution
of lateral loads in uncoupled shear walls- Equivalent stiffness method- Shear
wall frame interactions.
• Behaviour and design of special RCC members- Design of concrete corbels-
deep beams,ribbed, hollow block or voided slab- RCC walls.
1. Arthur. H. Nilson, David Darwin and Charles W Dolan, Design of Concrete
Structures, Tata McGraw Hill
2. Park,R and Paulay T, Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley & Sons, New
York
3. Macleod, I.A, Shear Wall Frame Interaction. A design aid with commentary
Portland Cement Association.
4. Thomas T. C. Hsu, Unified Theory of Reinforced Concrete, CRC Press, London,1993.
5. IS 456 –2000, Indian Standard for Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of
Practice, New Delhi
6. ACI – 318: 2011, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary, ACI Michigan.
STRESS STRAIN
CHARACERISTICS OF
CONCRETE
Behaviour under uniaxial compression
•
Linear up to one-half of the compressive strength
• Sharp peak for higher strength and flat top for lower
strength
• Strain at maximum stress is 0.002
• Stress can be still be carried after peak strain
• Strain at failure is 0.003 to 0.005
The descending branch of the stress-strain curve can be traced only if
the strain-controlled application of the load is properly achieved. For
this, the testing machine must be sufficiently rigid

Decrease in stress with increasing strain is a phenomenon which is

associated ,with extensive micro-cracking in mortar, and is sometimes
called softening of concrete
Concrete under cyclic loading
• Envelope curve identical to that of single continuous load application
Influence of size of test specimen
• value of the compressive strength depends on the height to width
ratio of the specimen
• Greater this ratio Lesser the strength, because the less is the
beneficial influence of the lateral restraint at the (weakest) section,
located near the mid-height of the specimen
Influence of size of test specimen
• standard test cube' (which has a height/width ratio of 1.0) would have
a compressive strength that is higher than that of the 'standard test
cylinder' (with a height/diameter ratio of 2.0), made of the same
concrete
• the cylinder strength is closer to the true uniaxial compressive
strength of concrete
• cube strength is found to be approximately 1.25 times the cylinder
strength
Influence of (a) heigh/diameter ratio and (b) diameter on
cylinder strength
Effect of rate of loading ( duration)
on stress-strain curve
• When load is applied at low strain rate failure strain
increases the value of max. stress reached gradually
decreases
• The descending branch of the stress-strain curve falls
less quickly
• Sustained load (long-term loading) compressive strength is about 80%
of the short term compressive strength
• Concrete structures are designed based on the anticipated short-
term strength at 28 days
• Strength reduction due to long-term loading is offset by the gain in
strength at greater ages
Modulus of elasticity

fc Specified compressive strength of concrete

It represents the minimum Strength, which the
concrete is expected to attain.
Poisson’s ratio
• The ratio between the transverse strain and the strain the in the
direction of uniaxial loading
• Poisson’s ratio is lower for higher strength concrete
Strain in concrete under uniaxial compression
• At high compressive stresses, the transverse strain increases rapidly,
due to formation of cracks parallel to direction of loading
• Generally, for most of loading, volume of specimen decreases.
• At high stress near to the compressive strength of specimen,
transverse strain becomes so high that the volume starts increasing,
indicating breakdown of strength
• The failure of specimen loaded uniaxially in compression is generally
accompanied by splitting in the direction parallel to load and volume
increase
Tensile stress behaviour of concrete
• Less than 20% of compressive strength of concrete.
• Direct tensile tests are rarely conducted
• Difficulty in holding the specimen
• secondary stresses are introduced by holding devices
• Indirect tensile tests
• Split tensile strength test – split tensile strength

• Beam Flexure test – Modulus of rupture

• An increase in compressive strength is not
accompanied with a proportionate increase in
• tensile strength.
Since the tensile strength is low, it is ignored in
strength calculations.
• When considered, the stress strain variation in
tension for concrete is assumed as a straight line up
to the tensile strength.
Codal provisions
• IS 456:2000 (Cl. 6.2.2)

• ACI 318:2011(Sec 9.5.2.3)

Behaviour of concrete under tension
• Concrete is not normally designed to resist direct tension.However,
tensile stresses do develop in concrete members as a result of flexure,
shrinkage and temperature changes.Principal tensile stresses may also
result from multiaxial state of stress
• Often cracking in concrete is a result of tensile strength (limiting tensile
strain ) being exceeded
• As pure shear causes tension on diagonal planes ,knowledge of direct
tensile strength of concrete is useful for estimating the shear strength of
beams with unreinforced webs
• Knowledge of flexural tensile strength is necessary for estimation of
“moment at first crack” required for computation of deflection and
crackwidth in flexural members
COMBINED STRESS BEHAVIOUR OF
CONCRETE

Direct or Normal stress with shear stress

• Any combined stress situation can be reduced to three normal
stresses acting on three mutually perpendicular planes
• The three mutually perpendicular normal stresses are known as
Principal Stresses
• The Planes on which principal stresses are acting are known as
Principal Planes
• Shear Stresses on Principal planes are zero
• No reliable theory exist to predict the failure strength of concrete
under three dimensional state of stress
• Modification of conventional theory from strength of materials, but
no single theory is applicable to deal with all cases
• Simple theories, however, gives sufficient accuracy
Biaxial Stress Behaviour
• Only two principal stress – third principal stress is zero or absent
• The strength of concrete subjected to biaxial compression may be as
much as 27% higher than the uniaxial strength
• For equal biaxial compressive stresses, the strength increase is
approximately16%
• The strength under biaxial tension is approximately equal to the
uniaxial tensile strength
• However, that combined tension and compression loadings reduce
both the tensile and the compressive stresses at failure
• Observed failure modes suggest that tensile strains are of vital
importance in the failure criteria and failure mechanism of concrete
for both uniaxial and biaxial states of stress
GENERAL TWO DIMENSIONAL
STRESS SYSTEM

Strength of concrete under multi-axial stress system

• On planes other than Principal Planes, shear stress exist along with
normal stress
• Mohr’s theory of failure is used to predict the strength
• Any combination of stresses tangent to the failure envelope of
crosses it leads to a failure condition
Combinations of direct stress and shear causing
failure of concrete
• The compressive strength (as well as the tensile strength) of concrete
is reduced by the presence of shear stress.
• Also, the shear strength of concrete is enhanced by the application of
direct compression (except in the extreme case of very high
compression), whereas it is (expectedly) reduced by the application of
direct tension
Tri-axial Compressive Stress
Behaviour

Axial stress-strain curves from triaxial

compression _tests on concrete cylinders
• Concrete when subjected to compression in 3 orthogonal directions
its strength and ductility are greatly enhanced
• All round confinement of concrete which reduces tendency of internal
cracking and volume increase prior to cracking
• The strength and ductility of concrete are greatly increased under
conditions of tri-axial compression.
Comments
• Other tests by Balmer have given values for the lateral pressure
coefficient which range between 4.5 and 7.0 with an average value of
5.6, rather than the 4.1 found by Richart et al.

• The high values for the coefficient occurred at low lateral pressures.
• It is evident that an increase in lateral pressure brings very significant
increase in ductility
• This effect is due to the lateral pressure that confines the concrete
and reduces the tendency for internal cracking and volume increase
just prior to failure
Concrete confinement
• In practice, concrete may be confined by transverse reinforcement,
commonly in the form of closely spaced steel spirals or hoops
• At low levels of stress in the concrete, the transverse reinforcement is
not stressed; hence the concrete is unconfined
• The concrete becomes confined when at stresses approaching the
uniaxial strength, the transverse strains become very high because of
progressive internal cracking and the concrete bears out against the
transverse reinforcement, which then applies a confining reaction to
the concrete. Thus the transverse reinforcement provides passive
confinement
• Tests by many investigators have shown that confinement by
transverse reinforcement can considerably improve the stress-strain
characteristics of concrete at high strains
• Failure strain increases with increased confinement
• Confined concrete have high ductility
Stress-strain curves obtained from three sets of concrete
cylinders confined by circular spirals
Concrete confinement by
reinforcement
• Circular columns have 2 types of lateral reinforcement( individual
lateral ties and helical reinforcement)
• Richart et al. found, for the strength of concrete confined by fluid
pressure, applies approximately to concrete confined by circular
spirals
• The increase in strength and ductility with content of confining steel is
very significant
• Circular spirals confine concrete much more effectively than
rectangular or square hoops
Square Hoop Circular Spiral
• Circular spirals, because of their shape, are in axial hoop tension and
provide a continuous confining pressure around the circumference,
which at large transverse strains approximates fluid confinement

• Helical spirals being continous has to unwind to open up.Hence it

gives more ductility and lateral strain

• In square hoops a considerable portion of concrete c/s may be

unconfined because of internal arching b/w corners

• As a rule, however, square hoops can apply only confining reactions

near the corners of the hoops and central portion
• A considerable portion of the concrete cross section may be
unconfined
• Because of internal arching between the corners, the concrete is
confined effectively only in the corners and the central region of the
section.
• Nevertheless, square confining steel does produce a significant
increase in ductility, and some enhancement of strength
• Confinement by transverse reinforcement has no effect on the stress-
strain curve until the uniaxial strength of the concrete is approached
• The shape of the stress- strain curve at high strains is a function of many
variables:
• The ratio of the volume of transverse steel to the
volume of the concrete core
• The yield strength of the transverse steel
• The ratio of the spacing of the transverse steel to
the dimensions of the concrete core
• The ratio of the diameter of the transverse bar to
the unsupported length of transverse bars in the
case of rectangular stirrups
Effect of Spacing of Transverse bars
• The content and size of longitudinal reinforcement
• The strength of the concrete
• The rate of loading
confining pressure may be
calculated from the hoop tension
developed by the spiral steel.
Creep of Concrete
• When concrete is subject to sustained compressive loading, its
deformation keeps increasing with time, even though the stress level
is not altered
• The time-dependent component† of the total strain(excluding strain
induced by shrinkage and temp) is termed creep
• If the stress is maintained at a constant level strain continue to
increase at a decreasing rate
Creep of concrete
• Creep proceeds at a decreasing rate with time.
• When load is removed, elastic strain is recovered.
• recovered elastic strain < initial elastic strain
• Elastic recovery is followed by creep recovery
• Total Strain = Instantaneous strain + creep strain
• Instantaneous strain included elastic and inelastic strains.
• The instantaneous strain is that which is assumed to occur
‘instantaneously’ on application of the loading.
• If the sustained load is removed at any time, the strain follows the
curve shown by the dashed line

• There is an instantaneous recovery of strain by an amount equal to

the elastic strain (to the extent permitted by the prevailing modulus of
elasticity) due to the load removed at this age

• This is followed by a gradual decrease in strain, which is termed as

creep recovery.
• The exact mechanism of creep in concrete is still not fully understood
• It is generally attributed to internal movement of adsorbed water,
viscous flow or sliding between the gel particles, moisture loss and
the growth in microcracks
Effects of creep
• Creep of concrete results in the following detrimental results in
reinforced concrete structures:
• increased deflection of beams and slabs;
• increased deflection of slender columns (possibly leading to buckling);
• gradual transfer of load from concrete to reinforcing steel in
compression members;
• loss of prestress in prestressed concrete;
• No effect on strength, but leads to increase in deflections at service
loads, due to redistribution of stresses

• Creep is advantageous
To delay cracks induced by shrinkage
 To reduce stresses generated by differential settlement
Factors Influencing Creep
Creep increases when
• cement content is high;
• water-cement ratio is high;
• aggregate content is low;
• air entrainment is high;
• relative humidity is low;
• temperature (causing moisture loss) is high;
• size / thickness of the member is small;
• loading occurs at an early age; and
• loading is sustained over a long period.
Creep Coefficient for Design

• In the absence of data related to the factors influencing creep, the

Code (Cl. 6.2.5.1) recommends the use of the ultimate creep
coefficient (θ) — with values equal to 2.2, 1.6 and 1.1, for ages of
loading equal to 7 days, 28 days and one year respectively
Creep Coefficient for Design
• Within the range of service loads, creep may be assumed to be
proportional to the applied stress
• This assumption facilitates the estimation of total deflection (initial
plus creep deflection) of flexural members by the usual linear elastic
analysis with a reduced elastic modulus
• The Code (Cl. C 4.1) terms this reduced modulus as effective modulus
of elasticity (Ece), which can be expressed in terms of the short-term
elastic modulus (Ec) and the ultimate creep coefficient (θ) as follows:
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE
EFFECTS IN CONCRETE
• Like creep, shrinkage introduces time-dependent strains in concrete
• All the factors related to constituent material properties, composition
of mix, curing and environmental conditions, member size and age
that affect creep also affect shrinkage
• shrinkage strains are independent of the stress conditions in the
concrete
• shrinkage is reversible to a great extent, i.e., alternating dry and wet
conditions will cause alternating volume changes in concrete
• In the absence of reliable data, the Code (C1.6.2.4.1) recommends the
use of an ultimate shrinkage strain value of 0.0003 mm/mm; this
appears to be rather low, in comparison with ACI recommendation of
an average value of 0.0008 mm/mm for moist-cured concrete
Stress- strain curve of steel
• Standard tension test
• For all grades there is initial elastic portion with constant slope
• For mild steel there is sharp and pronounced yielding
• No well defined yield point for high grade steel and cold worked steel
• 0.2 percent proof stress is generally taken as yield strength( stress
level which on unloading gives a residual strain of 0.002 )
Bauschinger effect
• stress-strain behaviour of steel in compression is identical to that in
tension
• if the steel is stressed into the inelastic range in uniform tension,
unloaded, and then subjected to uniform compression (i.e. reversed
loading), it is found that the stress-strain curve in compression
becomes nonlinear at a stress much lower than the initial yield
strength .This is referred to as the 'Bauschinger effect'
• In inelastic deformation processes involving continual reversal of
stress (such as metal working, high intensity reversed seismic loading,
etc), the Bauschinger effect is very important and cannot be ignored.
• In other cases, where the loading is within the elastic range or where
therc is in general no more than one stress reversal, the Bauschinger
effect can safely be neglected