MISCELLANEOUS OF WATER

TREATMENT METHODS
By: Missy Garcia Tesaluna BSCE – 2 (LDP)
 Hypochlorination
 A process for hypochlorinating unsaturated
alpha – olefins to produce chlorohydrins which
comprises foaming a microemulsion of water
and an unsaturated alpha – olefin and then
adding an oxidant to the microemulsion under
conditions sufficient to form the chlorohydrins.
Chlorohydrin

 any of class of organic compounds containing a

hydroxyl group and chlorine atom.
 Ozonation
 Water treatment process that destroys
microorganism and degrades organic pollutants
through the infusion of ozone, a gas produced
by subjecting oxygen molecules to high
electrical voltage.
 it is widely practiced in europe where it has
been succeful in both disinfection and
reduction of taste and odors.
Ozone
 is a colorless gas that has an odor similar to the
smell of the air after major thunderstorm.
 it also has a greater disinfection effectiveness against
bacteria and viruses compared to chlorination.
 Advantage Disadvantage

1. Ozone is less soluble in

1. The treatment
water, compared to
process does not add chlorine, and , therefore,
chemicals to the water. special mixing techniques
are needed.
2. can eliminate a wide
variety of 2. Potential fire hazards
inorganic,organic and and toxicity issues
microbiological problems associated with ozone
and taste and odor generation.
problem.
 Other disinfection techniques
 the other halogens,
bromine and iodine, are
also effective germicidal
agent.

Germicidal agent
 is a subtance or agent that
kills germs, especially
pathogenic microorganisms.
Iodine
 has been used to disinfect water and it has an advantages over
chlorine in convenience and probably efficacy.
Other Halogens
 a mixture of other halogen, monochloramine and iodide, has
been studied as a technique for disinfection.

 the combination proves to be more effective that either

chloramine or iodine used alone.
Bromine
 while an effetive disinfectant , is more expensive than chlorine and its
implicated in the formation of halogenated hydrocarbons. For these
reasons and lack of board experiencein its use, bromine is not expected
to be commonly used as a disinfectant.
 Algae control
Chlorine
 is safer to used to treat the algae. it is less time consuming
and more economical than algaecide against algae.
Coagulation
 Adding a chemical such as alum which produces positive
charges to neutralize the negative charges on the particles.
Then the particles can stick together, forming larger
particles which are more easily removed.
 Aeration
 a water treatment given for removing
colors, odors, and taste from the water.
bring water and air in cose contact in
order to remove dissloved gases such as
carbon dioxide.

oxidizes dissolved metal such as iron ,

hydrogen sulfide, and votalite organic
chemical.
THE MOST COMMON AERATORS

Gravity Aerators
Fountain Aerators
Injection or Diffused Aerators
Mechanical Aerators
 Gravity Aerators
• WATER IS ALLOWED TO FALL BY GRAVITY SUCH THAT A LARGE AREA
OF WATER IS EXPOSED TO ATMOSPHERE.
 Fountain Aerators
• ALSO KNOWN AS SPRAY AERATORS. WITH SPECIAL NOZZLE TO
PRODUCE FINE SPRAY.
 Injection or Diffused Aerators
• CONSISTS OF TANK WITH PERFORATED PIPES OR TUBES FIXED AT THE
BOTTOM TO RELEASE FINE AIR BUBBLES FROM COMPRESSION UNIT.
 Mechanical Aerators
• MIXING PADDLES AS IN FLOCCULATION ARE USED. PADDLES MAY BE
EITHER SUBMERGED OR AT THE SURFACED.
 Prevention of odors
Methods:
a.)by Aeration
b.) by activated carbon treatment
 Activated carbon is manufactured by heating saw dust. paper mill
waste etc. at 500ºC in a closed vessel in controlled condition of
burning at 800ºC.

 readily available in market in powder or granular form.

 absorb organic matters and removes colour, odour and taste

c.) Using copper sulphate: in swimming pool.

 Activated carbon

 also called activated charcoal or

activated coal.

 is a form of carbon that has been

processed to make it extremely
porous and thus to have a very large
surface area available for adsorption
and chemical reactions.
 Activated carbon
 WHEN A CHEMICAL SPECIES IS ADHERED TO THE
SURFACE OF A SOLID, IT IS AN ADSORPTION. WHEN
PARTIAL CHEMICAL BONDS ARE FORMED BETWEEN
ADSORBED SPECIES OR WHEN THE ABSORBED GOT
INTO THE CHANNELS OF THE SOLIDS, WE CALL
IT ABSORPTION. HOWEVER, THESE TWO TERMS ARE
OFTEN USED TO MEAN THE SAME, BECAUSE TO
DISTINGUISH ONE FROM TYPE FROM THE OTHER IS
VERY DIFFICULT.
 Charcoal absorbs many substances, ranging from
colored orga nic particulates to inorganic metal
ions.
 Removal of iron and manganese

• Iron and manganese cause stains and

tastes in water.

Methods:
a) By aeration
b) By adding lime
c) Passing over manganese zeolite
 Water softening
 is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain
other metal cations in hard water.
 The lime – soda method
 used in water treatment tp remove hardness from water.

 This process/method is now obsolete but was very useful for

the treatment of large volume of hard water. addition of lime
(CaO) and soda (Na2CO3) to the hard water precipitates
calcium as the carbonate, and magnesium as its hydroxide.
 Suspended solids contact units
 thes are now widely used in lime-soda filter plants and
combine mixing , flocculation, and clarification in the
same structure.
Flocculation
• NOW THAT THE PARTICLES HAVE A NEUTRAL CHARGE AND CAN STICK
TOGETHER. THE WATER FLOWS INTO A TANK WITH PADDLES THAT
PROVIDE SLOW MIXING AND BRING THE SMALL PARTICLES TOGETHER TO
FORM LARGER PARTICLES CALLED FLOCS.
 The cation – exchange method
it the positively charged ions on the surface of the IX resin
are exchanged with positively charged ion available on the
resin surface typically sodium.

water softening is tmost widely used cation exchanged he

process/method.
Zeolite
 A base exchange method of treating hard water, in
which zeolites, contained in a tank, remove salts.
The zeolite layer is regenerated by backflushing
with brine.

Zeolite works
 The zeolites trap the calcium and magnesium ions and
release sodium ions in their place, so the water becomes
softer but richer in sodium. Many everyday laundry and
dishwasher detergents contain zeolites to remove
calcium and magnesium and soften water so they work
more effectively.
 Hydrogen exchange and
demineralizing
 zeolite are available which exchange all the cations, including
sodium, for hydrogen. These are sometimes called
carbonaceous zeolite since they are made from such materials
as coal, and lignite.
Hydrogen exchange
 Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry exploits a
fundamental chemical reaction unique to hydrogens found in
proteins.
Demineralizing
 the process of removing mineral salts from Water by using
the ion exchange process.