U.S.P.C.

JAIN GROUP OF
SCHOOL
LUDHIANA

Physics project

Submitted to : Ms. Sunaina Submitted by : Satyam

 AC
GENERATOR

Under the guidance of Sunaina mam

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 Apart from my efforts, the success of any project

depends on the encouragement and guidelines of
many others. I take this opportunity to express
my gratitude to the people who have been
instrumental in the successful completion of this
project. I would like to show my greatest
appreciation to our teacher Sunaina mam. I can’t
say thank you enough for this tremendous help. I
feel encouragement and guidance this project
would not be materialised. I am grateful for the
constant support and help.
 CERTIFICATE
 This is to certify that Satyam (roll no. : )
student of class XII(Non medical), U.S.P.C. JAIN PUBLIC
SCHOOL has completed the project “AC Generator”
during the academic year 2019-20 in partial fulfilment of
physics practical examination conducted by CBSE, New
Delhi.

Sign of external examiner Sign of physics teacher

 INDEX
 Acknowledgement
 Introduction
 Aim of project
 Apparatus
 Principle
 Diagram
 Formula
 Construction
 Working
 Efficiency
 Uses
 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION
 An electric generator is a device that converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy. A
generator forces electric current to flow through
an external circuit. The sources of mechanical
energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam
engine , water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel , an internal combustion engine , a
hand crank , compressed air , or any other source
of mechanical energy. Generators provide nearly
all the power for electric power grids.
 AIM

 To understand the working and construction if

the ac generator.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
 4- 1cm×2cm×5cm ceramic magnet
 1- magnet wire 200ft spool

 1- miniature incandescent lamp:1.5V 25mA

 Cardboard strip,8cm×30 cm

 1- large nail, 8cm long or more

 Misc.- knife or sandpaper to strip the wires

 Misc.- tape to hold wires

 Optional : hand drill or electric drill to spin it

(hand drill is best)
 PRINCIPLE

 The working of an ac generator is based on the

principle of electromagnetic induction. When a
closed coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field
with its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field,
the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes
and an induced emf and hence a current is setup
in it.
DIAGRAM
 FORMULA
 Expression for instantaneous EMF produced :
Let position of the coil at any time t. It make angle with vertical. If w is
uniform angular speed of the coil.
Then q = wt
B be the strength of magnetic field n be the number of turns in the coil
and A area of the coil then magnetic flux with the coil in the position is
given by:
F = NBA cosq = NBA cos wt
Differentiate w.r.t. time
E= - dF/dt=-(-NBA w sin wt )
Maximum value of e.m.f. say E0
e = E0 sin wt
E0 = NBA w=peak value of induced emf. Clearly
induced emf varies sinusoidally with time.
 CONSTRUCTION
 First make the hollow-ended box. Score the cardboard strip
as shown :

 Fold it and tape it securely.

 Use a nail to poke a hole perfectly straight through the
centre of the box, going through both the sides and all the
three layers of cardboard. Then pull the nail out and use it
to widen the holes slightly, so the nail hole should be little
bit loose and able to spin.

 The four magnets should be clamp around the nail and the
nail spin should be free. The corners of the nail should not
bump the inside of the box.
 Now pick the spool of number-30, this is the thinnest spool.
Tape one end of magnet wire to the side of the box, then
wind all the wire onto the box as shown. It’s ok to cover up
the nail.

 Pull the taped end of the wire out, then tape down both the
wires so the coil doesn’t unwind.
 Use sandpaper or the knife to scrap the plastic coating off
2cm of the wire ends. Remove every bit of red coating, so
the wire ends are coppery.
 Spread the wire away from the nail hole and tape it in
place. Stick the nail back through the holes and make sure
it can spin. Take four magnets, stick them face to face in
two pairs, then stick two pairs inside the box and on the
either side the nail so they grab the nail. Push them
around until they are balanced and even, they spin the nail
and see they turn freely.
 Make sure that each end of the generator wire is totally
cleared of the plastic coating. If there is a bit of plastic left,
it can act as an insulator which turn of the light bulb
circuit. Twist the scrapped end of each generator wire to
the silver tip of the each wire of the small bulb. One
generator wire goes to the one light bulb wire, the other
generator wire goes to the other bulb wire, and the twisted
end of wire should not touch together.
 WORKING
 All metal contain an movable substance called “electric
charge”. Even uncharged wires are full of charge ! After
all, the atoms of the metal are made half of positive
protons and half of negative electrons. Metal are special
because their electrons don’t stay connected to the
metal atoms, instead they fly around inside the metal
and form a type of electric “liquid” inside the wires. All
the wires are full of electric fluid. Modern scientist call
this the “electron sea” or “electron gas”. It is not
invisible, it actually gives metals their silvery shine.
The electron gas is like very silvery fluid.
 When a circle of wire surrounds a magnetic field, and
the magnetic field then changes, a circular “pressure”
called voltage appears.
 This circular voltage try’s to force the movable
charges in the wire to rotate around the circle. In
other words, moving magnets create electric
currents in closed circles of wire. A moving
magnet causes a pumping action. If the circuit is
not “complete” or “closed”, then the magnet’s
pumping action can force the electrons of the coil
to begin flowing. This is a basic law of physics
and it is used by all coil/magnet electrical
generators.
 When the circuit is closed and the magnet is
moving, charges in the metal are forced to flow.
The charges of light bulb’s filament are pushed
along. When the charges within the copper wire
pass into the thin light bulb’s filament, their
speed greatly increases. When the charges leave
the filament and move back into the battery their
speed decreases to the normal. This makes light
bulb to glow.
 EFFICIENCY

 Efficiency of an AC generator is the ratio of the

useful power output to the total power input.
 Because any mechanical process experience some
losses, no AC generator can be100 % efficient.
 Efficiency of an AC generator can be calculated
using equation.
 Efficiency = (output/input)×100
 USES
 Aircraft auxiliary power generation , wind
generators, high speed gas turbine generators.
 Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems,
automotive starter generators.
 An AC generator, or ‘alternator’, it is used to produce
ac voltage for transmission via the grid system or,
locally, as portable generators.
 All of our household appliances runs on ac current.
for example : Refrigerator, washing machines, oven,
lights, fan, etc.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 NCERT textbook class 12

 www.yahoo.com

 www.scribd.com

 www.google.com