Does salt intake affect blood pressure?

1. What kind of salty food do families in Jatinangor usually take?

2. How often do families in Jatinangor usually take those foods?
3. What is the pattern of hi-natrium-containing-food consumption in
Jatinangor?
4. How does the pattern affect the blood pressure in the community?
a. As a community
b. As an individu
 So................
• There are processes to answer the question(s)
• Begin with one simple question
• Develop (a) tool(s): Questionnaire
• Use the tool(s)
• Analyse the data
• Draw (a) conclussion
 HOW DO WE SUPPOSE TO DO THAT?
 Research Method
Causal
inference

RESEARCH
QUESTION
HYPOTHESIS
variable

Error

RESEARCH Statistical Method

DESIGN

Sampling and Statistical test

sample size

Basic computer
Conclusion
skills
 Research Method
Causal
inference

RESEARCH
QUESTION
HYPOTHESIS
variable

Error

RESEARCH
Statistical Method
DESIGN

Sampling and Statistical test

sample size

Basic computer skills

Conclusion
 RESEARCH DESIGN

Yulia Sofiatin

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics

2016
 Objectives
• To understand the concepts of different study
design
• To learn the advantages and disadvantages of
several study design
 How did we come up to this questions/options?

• Ask the mothers about the family’s favourite salty food

• Ask the mother how often they usually take those food
• Develop the questionnaire
• Ask the rest of the community
• Count the number of the family who usually eat those foods
• Describe how often the particular food is taken by those families
 Research Design
• Ask the mother.
– Will we get the same answer from all of the
family?
– Will we get absolutelly different answer(s)?
– Should we ask the whole community?
• How does the pattern affect the blood
pressure in the community?
– Should we consider all the possible salty food?
– Should we ask the whole community?
 Types of study design
Quantitative Qualitative

Analytic Descriptive

Experimental Non-experimental
Observational

Grounded theory Case report

Randomizes Non-randomized
Clinical Trial Clinical Trial Phenomenology

Ethnography

Cohort Case-control Cross-sectional

 Classification
Statistical Type of Data
Time frame Purpose
Analysis Data collection

Prevalence study
Prospective Descriptive Qualitative Cohort

Analytic Diagnostic study

Cross-sectional • Observational Quantitative Case-control
• Correlational
• association
• Experimental /
Clinical trial
Prognosic study
Retrospective Cross-sectional

Therapeutic study

Laboratory experimental: not in human

Time line of different study design

Cross
Sectional

Case Control Cohort study

Case
T i m e Report l i n e
Case `Series Clinical Trial
 Quantitative research
 Is used to
- describe variables
- examine relationships among variables
- determine cause- and-effect interactions
between variables

  the predominantly used method of scientific

investigation
 Qualitative research

a systematic, subjective approach used

to describe life experiences and give
them meaning

not a new idea in social and behavioral

sciences
Quantitative Research
• Control
• Instruments Qualitative Research
• Basic elements of analysis: • Shared interpretation
numbers • Communication and
observation
• Basic elements of analysis:
words
Quantitative Research

® Statistical analysis
® Generalization

Qualitative Research

 Individual interpretation
 Uniqueness
 Mix/Complementary method
Distribution
OPTIONS -
Pattern
How many of
What is the
them took a Why -
condition and
particular consequences
Why
option?

Knowledge