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Tuba Shehwar BB151-54

Ayesha Mubashar BB151-51
Ayesha Salamat BB151-53
Zubia Ansari BB151-55
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 CONTENTS
STRATIFICATION BY GENDER:
 Social Construction of Gender
 Sociological Perspectives on Gender
 Women-The Oppressed Majority
 Women-In the Workforce of US

STRATIFICATION BY AGE:
 Aging and Society
 Sociological Perspectives on Aging
 CONTENTS
 Aging Worldwide
 Role Transitions Throughout the Life Course
 Age Stratification in The US

SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY:

 Theories of Social Change
 Resistance to Social Change
 Global Social Change
 Technology and the Future
 STRATIFICATION BY GENDER
Gender stratification refers to the social ranking,
where men typically inhabit higher statuses than
women. Often the terms gender inequality and gender
stratification are used interchangeably. There are a
variety of approaches to the study of gender
stratification.
Gender stratification can be examined at the level of
individual outcomes and interactions or with a macro
perspective that compares indexes of gender
inequalities across countries.

DEFINITION:
A society's unequal distribution of wealth,
power and privilege between males and females.
 STRATIFICATION BY GENDER

GENDER ROLES IN THE UNITED STATES

 Gender roles are expectations

regarding the proper behavior,
attitudes, and activities of males and
females.
 Gender roles are evident in our work
and also in how we react to others.
 STRATIFICATION BY GENDER
GENDER-ROLE SOCIALIZATION

 Boys must be:  Girls must be:

masculine feminine
aggressive soft
tough emotional
daring sweet
dominant submissive
 STRATIFICATION BY GENDER
NORM VIOLATIONS
 STRATIFICATION BY GENDER
GENDER ROLES IN THE UNITED STATES

Women’s and Men’s Gender Roles

Self-image develops in males and females
through:

 identification with the same gender

 Families
 media
 STRATIFICATION BY GENDER
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER

THE FUNCTIONALIST VIEW

 Gender differentiation contributes to social stability.

 Women take on expressive, emotionally supportive roles.
 Men take on instrumental, practical roles.

THE CONFLICT RESPONSE

 The relationship between men and women is one of unequal power.

 Men have a dominant position over women.
 Gender differences are a result of the subjugation of women by men.
 STRATIFICATION BY GENDER
THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE

 This perspective often views women’s subordination as part of the overall

exploitation and injustice in capitalist societies.
 This perspective sometimes argues that women’s subjugation coincided with the
rise of private property during industrialization.

THE INTERACTIONIST APPROACH

This approach focuses on everyday behavior.

Men are more likely than women to:
 Change topics of conversation
 Ignore topics chosen by women
 Minimize ideas of women
 Interrupt women
 APPLICATION OF GENDER STRATIFICATION IN
THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
Women: The Oppressed Majority

SEXISM AND SEX DISCRIMINATION

Sexism:

 Sexism is the ideology that one sex is superior to the other.

 Sexism is generally used to refer to male prejudice and discrimination against
women.
 APPLICATION OF GENDER STRATIFICATION IN
THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
Women: The Oppressed Majority

SEXUAL HARASSMENT

 Behavior that occurs when work benefits are made contingent on sexual favors
or when touching, lewd comments, or the appearance of pornographic material
creates a “hostile environment” in the workplace.
 Sexual harassment must be understood in the context of continuing prejudice
and discrimination against women.
 APPLICATION OF GENDER STRATIFICATION IN
THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
THE STATUS OF WOMEN WORLDWIDE

 Women’s subordination is
institutionally sanctioned.
 Women remain in second-class
positions in most of the world.
 Women are exploited for labor in
many developing countries.
 APPLICATION OF GENDER STRATIFICATION IN
THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE OF THE UNITED STATES

 Women’s participation in the paid labor force of the United States increased
steadily throughout the twentieth century.
 Yet, women entering the job market find their options restricted in important
ways.
 Women are underrepresented in occupations historically defined as “men’s
jobs,” which often pay more.
 APPLICATION OF GENDER STRATIFICATION IN
THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE OF THE UNITED STATES

Glass Ceiling: An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in
a work environment because of the person’s gender, race, or ethnicity.

These workplace patterns have one crucial result:

 women earn less money than men.

 Women are more likely to be poor than men.
 APPLICATION OF GENDER STRATIFICATION IN
THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE OF THE UNITED STATES

Social Consequences of Women’s Employment

The Second Shift: The double burden that working women face - work outside the
home followed by child care and housework and which few men share equitably.

 Studies indicate that there continues to be a clear gender gap in the performance
of housework, although the differences are narrowing.
 Taken together, a woman’s workday on and off the job is much longer than a
man’s.
 APPLICATION OF GENDER STRATIFICATION IN
THE FIELD OF BUSINESS
WOMEN: EMERGENCE OF A COLLECTIVE
CONSCIOUSNESS

 The feminist movement of the United States originated

in upstate New York in 1848.
 Early concerns were political and legal equality for
women.
 The movement re-emerged in the 1960s to battle sexist
attitudes and the position of women in the workforce.
 Feminism is very much alive today in the growing
acceptance of women in nontraditional roles and even
the basic acknowledgment that a married mother not
only can be working outside the home but also perhaps
belongs in the labor force.
STRATIFICATION BY AGE
ROLE TRANSITIONS THROUGHOUT THE LIFE
COURSE

Organizational change requires us to plan for and

address the human, process and technological
objectives to support the implementation of the vision.
Transition is the psychological processes that people
go through to deal with change.
Both transition and organizational change
management is require.
STAGE 1-CLEAR VISION

Clear vision needs to be established when

initiating change.
STAGE 2- ENDING
Dealing with transition
As change agents , it is important to understand the
stages of transition and impact of each stage on
ourselves.
Important then to prepare our team for transition and
to understand our roles in facilitating a successful
transition process for them.
Your staff and yourself will
be asking these four key
questions.

Clarity about new vision is required.

Be simple concise &clear.

WHAT WOULD ACTULLY BE DIFFERENT
AFTER THE CHANGE?

The nature/scope of work

Locations
Services
Structural
Reporting Relationships
Catchment area
other
STAGE 3-NEUTRAL ZONE
Anxiety rises and motivation falls –self
protective
Productivity duffers
Old problems re-emerge
Confusion and miscommunication
Stage 4-launching a new beginning

Four key themes

Be consistent
Ensure quick successes(Small wins)
Symbolize the new identity
Celebrate the successes
Age Stratification in the United States
Age Stratification in
the United States

Age Stratification varies

from culture to culture
“Being old” is master status
that commonly overshadows
all others in US
All who live long enough will
eventually assume ascribed
status of older person.
Age Stratification
in the United
States

The Graying of America

In 1900, 4.1% of the US
population was age 65 or
older; By 2010 it will be 13%.
PERSPECTIVES OF AGING
Increase in life expectancy has led to referring to people
in their 60’s as the “young old”
Those in their 80’s and beyond are the “old old”

•DISENGAGEMENT THEORY
Society and aging individuals mutually sever many of their relations.

•ACTIVITY THEORY
Elderly persons who remain active and socially involved are best adjusted.
AGEISM
Prejudice and discrimination based on age.
SOCIAL CHANGE

The term change is use to indicate the changes that

take place in human interaction and interrelations

According to Jones

“Social change is a term used to describe variation in, or

modification of any aspect of social processes, Social patterns,
Social interaction or Social organization”
Social change occurs when societies change their
conditions according to their needs…

•Change in climate
•Change in material
•Change in culture
•Change in governance
•Change in environment

All these things causes society to change into new and better living
conditions to make life easier.
THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE

Evolution theory

Functionalist theory

Cyclical theory

Conflict theory
EVOLUTION THEORY
“Evolutionary theories are based on the assumptions that societies
gradually change from simple beginnings into even more complex
forms.”
Types of evolutionary theory
UNILINEAR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
The theory contents that all societies pass through the same successive stages of
evolution and reach the same end.

MULTI LINEAR THEORY

This theory holds that change can occur in several way and does not inevitably
lead in the same direction.
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY

Functionalist theory emphasizes what maintain society, not

what changes it.
Equilibrium theory

Through this theory Talcott tries to say that changes occur in

one part of the society. There must be adjustments in other
parts. If this doesn’t happen, strains will occur and societies
equilibrium will be threaten.
Cyclical theory
This theory focuses on the rise and fall of civilizations attempting to
discover and account for these patterns of growth and decay.
This theory also says that every society undergoes phenomenon of
cyclical change

Conflict theory
Conflict theorists emphasizes the role of coercion and power in
producing social order. This perspective is derived from the works
of KARL MARX.
Resistance to Social Change
Economic and Cultural Factors
– Efforts to promote social change
likely to meet with resistance
– Vested interests: People who will
suffer in the event of social change
– Culture lag: Period of
maladjustment when nonmaterial
culture is still struggling to adapt
to new material conditions.
Global Social Change

 Social change does not always

follow a period of internal disintegration
– Dramatic time in history to
consider global social change
– Hallinan noted need to move beyond restrictive models of social change

Sociologists must predict

upheavals and major chaotic shifts
Technology and the Future
 Technology advances have brought
striking changes to cultures, patterns
of socialization, social institutions,
and day-to-day social interactions
Technology in business
 Technology has important effects on business operations.
No matter the size of your enterprise,
 Technology has both tangible and intangible benefits that
will help you make money and produce the results your
customers demand.
 Technological infrastructure affects the culture, efficiency
and relationships of a business.
BENEFITS OF Technology in business

 Better Reporting Functions

 Increased Employee Productivity

 Improved Business Mobility

Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?