HVAC Training

Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Fundamentals of onboard climate control

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Key functions HVAC

• Balance the thermal load on the ship and thermal loads within the ship

Airflow

Load
Load

Airflow
Temp diff Temp diff

• De-humidify air entering the ship to offset indoor moisture generation and
prevent condensation
• Ventilate stale air
• Segregate air volumes in the ship to prevent the spread of odours and stale air
and control infiltration rates
• (Humidify air in winter to reduce static electricity and improve air quality)
• Fire smoke extraction and containment capability to assist in emergency
evacuation

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Impact comparison. HVAC on board energy consumption

(Tropical operation)

HVAC

Hotel HVAC Hotel

HVAC saving

Propulsion Propulsion

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 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Airflow Calculation (summer conditions)

• Airflow based on temperature control
• A space is subject to different Heat Loads which will vary during the day
• Heat Transmission to external spaces (temperature differences)
• Sun Radiation
• Heat Load from people
The
• Internal Heat Loads (Illumination, TV, coffee makers etc.)
ISO standard 7547
Solar Radiation
40
Heat from Transmission
40
is a comprehensive
35 35 guide to airflow/heat
30

25
30
calculations
Load [kW]

25

Load [kW]
20 20
15 15
10
10
5
5
0
0
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
Time of day
Time of day
Heat from Persons Heat from Illumination
40 40

35 35

30 30

25 25
Load [kW]
Load [kW]

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
Time of day Time of day

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Airflow Calculation (summer conditions)

• The variation of the total Heat Load during the day and season for a public space is here
visualised in a 3-D chart

Celebration Dining II - Chiller el. energy

70

60

50
Energy [kWh]

40

30

20

10

nov
0 sep
1

jul
3

may
9

11

13

mar
15

17

19

Time jan
21

23

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Human Consumption 24-hour Period

 Solid food 1 kg

 Liquid food 3 kg

 Air 20 - 30 kg

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Ventilation (fresh air)

• Oxygen 0.6 l/s

• Removing body odours 3.3 l/s
• Maintaining CO2-level
below 1000 ppm 8 l/s
• Smoking with consideration
of non-smokers >12.5 l/s

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

We Spend Our Time

 Indoor 80 %

 Outdoor 10 %

 Transport, etc 10 %

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Wilhelmsen Recommendations

 Air flow minimum 8 l/s, person (fresh air)

 At least one room volume per hour

 Avoid return air

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

CO2 as an Indicator

At an activity level of 1,2 m units a

person generates 0,30 l CO2 per minute.

5000  n
c  365  ppm
q
q = Airflow [l/s]
n = Number of persons
c = CO2 concentration [ppm]
365 = Atmospheric CO2 base line level

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Indoor Environmental factors Indoor climate (accommodation)

• Air Quality → Ventilation (fresh air) >8 l/s, person
• Thermal Environment → Temperature 21 – 26 C
• Acoustics Humidity 30 – 70 % RH
• Optical Velocity < 0.2 m/s
Body Heat Balance

6 1. Level of activity met

2. Clothing CLO
4 3. Air Temperature C
1 4. Mean radiation C
Temperature
5. Air velocity m/s
2 6. Humidity g/kg, %RH
5 3

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 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Thermal Comfort is affected by;

• Thermal balance of body as a whole

• Local cooling / heating of the body

- Draft

- Vertical temperature difference

- Asymmetric radiation

- Cold / warm floors

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Indoor Climate Complains, %

Draft 4 15

High temperature 6 8

Low ” 5 14

Dry air 16 42

Stuffiness 15 26

Nasty smelling 5 9

Noise 7 9

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

El. Control volume (ship side)

HVAC plant
Exhaust
– Energy flow Fan
Cabin Heat Load
Exhaust Air

Ambient Air
5 Supply
Air
Fresh Air

Supply Fan 4
El.
Brine
Brine Pump
El.

1 Diesel Engine +
Cooling
3 Generator
Machinery 2 Condenser
El.
3 Evaporator
Losses
4 AHU Cooling Coil
5 Enthalpy exchanger
2 6 Cabin
1 Sea Water
Diesel Electricity
Pump
El.

Heat sink (Sea Water)

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

Installed HVAC power

HVAC electric & thermal energy consumption
13000

12000

11000
HVAC system energy consumption [kW]

10000 Design capacity

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000
Actual energy (fans + absorbed
Predicted energy cooling power)
2000 band

1000

0
06-juni-06 07-juni-06 08-juni-06 09-juni-06 10-juni-06 11-juni-06 12-juni-06
Date

© Wilhelmsen Callenberg Fläkt AB

 HVAC Training
Theory and optimized operation of Cruise ship HVAC plant

A striking example Conditions: Outdoor, 29 C / 70% RH

Indoor, 23 C / 50-60 % RH

• A public AHU. Enthalpy wheel working

• Supply air temperature = 13 C
• Fans Running at reduced capacity, 3.5 m3/s, 1000 Pa
• Room cooling = 3.5 x 1.2 x (23-13) = 42 kW
• Absorbed Cooling power: 101 kW = Chiller electric power: 25 kW (COP= 4)
• Total fan power: 11 kW (supply & exhaust)
• Total electric power: 36 kW

• Same public AHU. Enthalpy wheel stopped (broken belt)

• Supply air temperature = 16 C
• Fans need to run at max capacity, 5 m3/s, 2000 Pa
• Room cooling = 5.0 x 1.2 x (23-16) = 42 kW
• Absorbed Cooling power: 230 kW = Chiller electric power: 58 kW (COP= 4)
• Total fan power: 31 kW (supply & exhaust)
• Total electric power: 89 kW

• Electric power difference: 53 kW (89-36)

• Yearly energy loss: 53 kW x 8760 h = 464 000 kWh (= 65 000 USD)
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Thank you for your attention