VIROLOGI

Morfologi, klasifikasi dan sifat umum

By

Sy. Miftahul El J.T

 Virus
• Partikel infeksius yang terkecil
• Diameter: 18 – 300 nanometer [sebagian besar di
bawah 200 nm]  tidak dapat diamati dengan
mikroskop cahaya
• Terdapat 25 famili, 1550 spesies  beberapa penyebab
penyakit pada manusia
• Partikel virus berisi molekul asam nukleat  DNA atau
RNA, terbungkus oleh kapsid [protein]
• Virus  True parasites  membutuhkan host untuk
replikasi
• Virus  parasit intrasellular obligat
 Sifat Umum virus
1. Definition and Properties of a Virus
• Viruses are filterable agents.
• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.
• Viruses cannot make energy or proteins independently of a host cell.
• Viral genomes may be RNA or DNA but not both.
• Viruses have a naked capsid or an envelope morphology.
• Viral components are assembled and do not replicate by "division."
2. Consequences of Viral Properties
• Viruses are not living.
• Viruses must be infectious to endure in nature.
• Viruses must be able to use host cell processes to produce their
components (viral messenger RNA, protein, and identical copies of the
genome).
• Viruses must encode any required processes not provided by the cell.
• Viral components must self-assemble.
 Sifat Umum virus
3. Means of Classification and Naming of Viruses
• Structure: size, morphology, and nucleic acid (e.g.,
picornavirus [small RNA], togavirus)
• Biochemical characteristics: structure and mode of
replication*
• Disease: encephalitis and hepatitis viruses, for example
• Means of transmission: arbovirus spread by insects, for
example
• Host cell (host range): animal (human, mouse, bird), plant,
bacteria
• Tissue or organ (tropism): adenovirus and enterovirus, for
example
Components of the basic virion.
Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 16 December 2009 04:15 PM)
© 2005 Elsevier
 Host cell (host range): animal (human, Means of
mouse, bird), plant, bacteria transmission:
arbovirus spread by
insects, for example

Disease: encephalitis
and hepatitis viruses,
for example
Means of
Classification and
Naming of Viruses Biochemical
characteristics: structure
and mode of replication*

Tissue or organ (tropism):
adenovirus and enterovirus,
for example
Structure: size,
morphology, and nucleic
acid (e.g., picornavirus
[small RNA], togavirus)
The DNA viruses and their morphology. The viral families are determined
by the structure of the genome and the morphology of the virion.
 Properties of DNA Viruses
DNA is not transient or labile

Many DNA viruses establish persistent infectious (e.g. latent, immortalizing)

DNA genomes reside in the nucleus (except for poxviruses)

Viral DNA resembles host DNA for transcription and replication

Viral genes must interact with host transcriptional machinery (except for poxviruses)

Viral gene transcription is temporally regulated

Early genes encode DNA-binding proteins and enzymes

Late genes encode structural and other proteins

DNA polymerase require a primer to replicate the viral genome

The larger DNA viruses encode means to promote efficient replication of their genome
 Families of DNA Viruses and Some Important Members
Family Members
POXVIRIDAE† Smallpox virus, vaccinia virus, monkeypox, molluscum contagiosum .
Encodes its own polymerases and enzymes to provide deoxyribonucleotides
for DNA synthesis, replication machinery, and transcription machinery in the
cytoplasm
Herpesviridae Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus,
cytomegalovirus, human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 . stimulates cell growth,
cell makes DNA intermediate, encodes a reverse transcriptase, establishes
latent infection in host
Adenoviridae Adenovirus, stimulates celluler DNA synthesis and encodes its own
polymerase
Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B virus, stimulates cell growth, cell makes RNA intermediate,
encodes a reverse transcriptase
Polyoma viridae JC virus, BK virus, SV40
Papilloma viridae Papilloma virus
Parvoviridae Parvovirus B19, adeno-associated virus. Requires cells undergoing DNA
synthesis to replicate
*The italicized virus is the important, or prototype, virus for the family.. †The size of type is indicative of the relative size of the virus.
 Properties of Virions of Human DNA Viruses
Family Genome* Viron

Molecular Nature Shape Size (nm) DNA

Mass × 106 Polymerase†
Daltons
Poxviridae 85-140 ds, linear Brick-shaped, 300 x240x100 +‡
enveloped
Herpesviridae 100-150 ds, linear Icosahedral, Capsid, 100-110 +
enveloped Envelope, 120-200

Adenoviridae 20-25 ds, linear Icosahedral 70-90 +

Hepadnaviridae 1.8 ds, circular§ Spherical, 42 +‡[Verbar]

enveloped
Polyoma and 3-5 ds, circular Icosahedral 45-55 -
papilloma
viridae
Parvoviridae 1.5-2.0 ss, linear Icosahedral 18-26 -

*Genome invariably a single molecule.†Polymerase encoded by virus.‡Polymerase carried in the virion.

§Circular molecule is double-stranded for most of its length but contains a single-stranded region.
[Verbar]Reverse transcriptase.ds, Double-stranded; ss, single-stranded.
 The RNA viruses, their genome structure, and their
morphology. The viral families are determined by the
structure of the genome and the morphology of the virion.
 Families of RNA Viruses and Some Important Members
Family Members*
Paramyxoviridae† Parainfluenza virus, Sendai virus, measles virus, mumps virus, respiratory syncytial virus,
metapneumovirus
Orthomyxoviridae Influenza virus types A, B, and C
Coronaviridae Coronavirus, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
Arenaviridae Lassa fever virus, Tacaribe virus complex (Junin and Machupo viruses), lymphocytic choriomeningitis
virus
Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus, vesicular stomatitis virus
Filoviridae Ebola virus, Marburg virus
Bunyaviridae California encephalitis virus, LaCrosse virus, sandfly fever virus, hemorrhagic fever virus, Hanta virus
Retroviridae Human T-cell leukemia virus types I and II, human immunodeficiency virus, animal oncoviruses
Reoviridae Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever virus
Picornaviridae Rhinoviruses, poliovirus, echoviruses, coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus
Togaviridae Rubella virus; western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; Ross River virus; Sindbis
virus; Semliki Forest virus
Flaviviridae Yellow fever virus, dengue virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, hepatitis C virus
Noroviridae Norwalk virus, calicivirus
Delta Delta agent

*The italicized virus is the important or prototype virus for the family.
†The size of the type is indicative of the relative size of the virus.
 Properties of Virions of Human RNA Viruses
Family Genome* Virion
Molecular Nature Shape* Size (nm) Polymerase Envelope
Mass × 106 in Virion
Daltons
Paramyxoviridae 5-7 ss, - Spherical 150-300 + +
Orthomyxoviridae 5-7 ss, -, seg Spherical 80-120 + +
Coronaviridae 6-7 ss, + Spherical 80-130 - +†
Arenaviridae 3-5 ss, -, seg Spherical 50-300 + +†
Rhabdoviridae 4-7 ss, - Bullet-shaped 180 x75 + +
Filoviridae 4-7 ss, - Filamentous 800 x 80 + +
Bunyaviridae 4-7 ss, - Spherical 90-100 + +†
Retroviridae 2 × (2-3)‡ ss, + Spherical 80-110 +§ +
Reoviridae 11-15 ds, seg Icosahedral 60-80 + -
Picornaviridae 2.5 ss, + Icosahedral 25-30 - -
Togaviridae 4-5 ss, + Icosahedral 60-70 - +
Flaviviridae 4-7 ss, + Spherical 40-50 - +
Noroviridae 2.6 ss, + Icosahedral 35-40 - -
*Some enveloped viruses are very pleomorphic (sometimes filamentous).†No matrix protein. ‡Genome has two identical
single-stranded RNA molecules. §Reverse transcriptase.ds, Double-stranded; seg, segmented; ss, single-stranded; +or -,
polarity of single-stranded nucleic acid.
Relative
sizes of
viruses and
bacteria.
(Courtesy
the Upjohn
Company,
Kalamazoo,
Mich.)
 Kapsid
• Kapsid tersusun atas protein biasanya glikoprotein 
menentukan hubungan spesifik antara virus dengan
inang/host/pejamu nya
• Mempunyai tempat pengikatan yang memungkinkan
virus menempel pd tempat reseptor yg khas pada sel
inang
• Kapsid melindungi asam nukleat dan memfasilitasi
pengikatan dan penetrasi virus pada sel inang
• Bertanggung jawab terhadap bentuk virion
The structures of a
naked capsid virus
(top left) and
enveloped viruses
with an icosahedral
(left) nucleocapsid or
a helical (right)
ribonucleocapsid.
The helical
ribonucleocapsid is
formed by viral
proteins associated
with an RNA genome.
 Viral Structure: Naked Capsid
1. Component : Protein
2. Properties : Is environmentally stable to the following:
 Temperature
 Acid
 Proteases
 Detergents
 Drying
 Is released from cell by lysis
3. Consequences :
 Can be spread easily (on fomites, from hand to hand, by dust, by small
droplets)
 Can dry out and retain infectivity
 Can survive the adverse conditions of the gut
 Can be resistant to detergents and poor sewage treatment
 Antibody may be sufficient for immunoprotection
Capsid assembly of the
icosahedral capsid of a
picornavirus. Individual
proteins associate into
subunits, which associate
into protomers, capsomeres,
and an empty procapsid.
Inclusion of the (+) RNA
genome triggers its
conversion to the final
capsid form.

Printed from: Medical

Microbiology 5E (on 10
December 2010)
© 2010 Elsevier
Cryoelectron microscopy and
computer-generated three-
dimensional image reconstructions
of several icosahedral capsids. These
images show the symmetry of
capsids and the individual
capsomeres. During assembly, the
genome may fill the capsid through
the holes in the herpesvirus and
papovavirus capsomeres. 1, Equine
herpesvirus nucleocapsid; 2, simian
rotavirus; 3, reovirus type 1 (Lang)
virion; 4, intermediate subviral
particle (reovirus); 5, core (inner
capsid) particle (reovirus); 6, human
papillomavirus type 19; 7, mouse
polyomavirus; 8, cauliflower mosaic
virus. Bar = 50 nm. (Courtesy Dr. Tim
Baker, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN.)
 Virus Structure: Envelope
1. Components :
 Membrane
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Glycoproteins
2. Properties : Is environmentally labile-is disrupted by the following:
 Acid
 Detergents
 Drying
 Heat
 Modifies cell membrane during replication
 Is released by budding and cell lysis
3. Consequences : Must stay wet
o Cannot survive the gastrointestinal tract
o Spreads in large droplets, secretions, organ transplants, and blood transfusions
o Does not need to kill the cell to spread
o May need antibody and cell-mediated immune response for protection and
control
o Elicits hypersensitivity and inflammation to cause immunopathogenesis
 Steps in Viral Replication
1. Recognition of the target cell
2. Attachment
3. Penetration
4. Uncoating
5. Macromolecular synthesis
a. Early messenger RNA (mRNA) and nonstructural protein synthesis: genes
for enzymes and nucleic acid-binding proteins
b. Replication of genome
c. Late mRNA and structural protein synthesis
d. Post-translational modification of protein
6. Assembly of virus
7. Budding of enveloped viruses
8. Release of virus
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