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Futures
Price
Spot price of
underlying assets
Seller’s pay-offs
Why Forwards?
They are customized contracts unlike Futures
and they are:
Tailor-made and more suited for certain
purposes.
Useful when futures do not exist for
commodities and financials being
considered.
Useful in cases futures’ standard may be
different from the actual.
Futures & Forwards
Distinguished
FUTURES FORWARDS
They trade on exchanges Trade in OTC markets
Are standardized Are customized
Identity of counterparties is Identity is relevant
irrelevant
Regulated Not regulated
Marked to market No marking to market
Easy to terminate Difficult to terminate
Less costly More costly
Important Terms
Spot Markets: Where contracts for
immediate delivery are traded.
Forward or Futures markets: Where
contracts for later delivery are traded.
Both the above taken together constitute
cash markets.
Important Terms
Futures Series: All with same delivery
month with same underlying asset.
Front month and Back month.
Soonest to deliver or the nearby contract
Commodity futures vs. financial futures.
Cheapest to deliver instruments.
Offering lags.
Important Terms
Variation Margin
Deliverables
Substitute for Future Cash Market
Transactions
Settlement in Cash
Interest Rate Futures
8a 4 8b
9a Futures 9b
Buyer’s Broker’s Clearing Buyer’s Broker’s
Clearing Firm Clearing Firm
House
Short Position:
Day Sett. Price Op. Bal. M-T-M CF Margin Call Cl. Bal
1 1125 7500 - 3750 2250 6000
2 1095 6000 + 4500 - 10500
3 1100 10500 - 750 - 9750
4 1140 9750 - 6000 2250 6000
Net Profit/(loss) = -3750+4500-750-6000 = (-) Rs. 6000
Pricing of Index Futures
Contracts
RI = RIF
i.e. (IE-IC) + D = (FE-FC) + RF
Since IE = FE
FC = IC + (RF – D)
(RF – D) is the ‘cost of carry’ or ‘basis’ and
the futures contract must be priced to
reflect ‘cost of carry’.
Stock Index Arbitrage
When index futures price is out of
sync with the theoretical price, the an
investor can earn abnormal risk-less
profits by trading simultaneously in
spot and futures market. This process
is called stock index arbitrage or
basis trading or program trading.
Stock Index Arbitrage: Illustration
C. = (-) 10,500
D. = 2,300
E. = 15,000
F. = 6,800 = 12.17% p.a.
Application of Index Futures
In passive Portfolio Management:
An investor willing to invest Rs.1 crore can buy
futures contracts instead of a portfolio, which mimics
the index.
Number of contracts (if Nifty is 5000)
= 1,00,00,000/5000 ×100 = 20 contracts
Advantages:
Periodic rebalancing will not be required.