PROFESSOR

DR. RAJA FAHAD TOPICS

• HARDNESS OF WATER
NAYAB KHAN • TYPES OF HARDNESS
ROLL NO. 19TE02 • EFFECTS OF HARDNESS
HARDNESS OF WATER
DEFINITION:
“The property of WATER to form an insoluble cured with soap instead
of lather. In other words it is the soap destroying property due to the
presence of Bicarbonate, sulphate and chlorides of the calcium and
magnesium”.
OR
“HARDNESS OF WATER is a measure of the amount of calcium and
magnesium salts in water. Hard water contains high concentration of
dissolved calcium and magnesium. The more calcium and magnesium
in water, the harder the water”.
• HARDNESS of WATER is usually expressed in milligrams per liter(mg/l)
of dissolve calcium and magnesium carbonate.

• The term HARDNESS OF WATER comes from the fact that it hardly
form lather with soap in water.
TYPES OF HARDNESS
• Hardness of water is categorized into two types:
1. TEMPORARY HARDNESS
“ It is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium
and can be removed by boiling”.

2. PERMANENT HARDNESS
“ It is due to the presence of sulphate, nitrate and chloride of calcium
and magnesium”.
TEMPORARY HARDNESS
• Temporary hard water is formed by rain water reacting with the
limestone.

• Rain water is slightly acidic due to the presence of dissolved carbon

dioxide.

• Rain water is a weak solution of carbonic acid.

• Calcium carbonate +water+carbon dioxide = calcium hydrogen
carbonate
PERMANENT HARDNESS
• Permanent hard water is caused by calcium or magnesium sulphate.

• Calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate is slightly soluble and

dissolve when rain water runs over the rocks.

• Permanent hardness is not softened by boiling.

WATER HARDNESS SCALE
EFFECTS OF HARDNESS
• Hard water interferes with almost every cleaning task form laundering
and dishwashing to bathing and personal grooming.

• Clothes laundered in hard water feels harsh and scratchy.

• Dishes and glasses may be spotted when dry.

• There is soap wastage.

EFFECTS OF HARDWATER ON BOILER
• Another effect of hard water is “boiler scales” when hard water comes
into contact with dissolved carbonates, a precipitate of insoluble
calcium carbonate forms.
• These scales can build up on the inside of water pipes to such a degree
that the pipes become almost completely blocked.
EFFECTS OF HARDWATER ON SKIN
• Hardness of water is a solid reason of skin reactivity, because minerals
irons can sits on the skin surface hindering natural lubricants and
moisture and skin become dry.
EFFECTS OF HARD WATER ON HAIR
• Calcium and magnesium irons can
cluster surrounding hair strands.
These encrusted layers make hair
difficult to manage and style.
EFFECTS OF HARD WATER ON HUMAN
HEALTH

• Hardwater when used for drinking for

long period can lead to stomach
disorders. Especially magnesium sulphate
can weaken the stomach permanently.
EFFECTS OF HARDWATER ON UTENSILS
• The utensils lose shine and get stained when washed with hardwater.
THANK YOU