CS 6107 COMPUTER

ARCHITECTURE
R2018 B.E. CSE- IV Semester
December 2019 - March 2020

A. P. SHANTHI
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CSE
ANNA UNIVERSITY
 Main References
• Text book
D. A. Patterson and J. L. Hennessy, ‘Computer Organization & Design,
The Hardware/Software Interface, Fifth Edition’, Morgan Kaufman
(Elsevier), 2014.
• Additional text book
Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky and Naraig Manjikian,
‘Computer Organization and Embedded Systems, Sixth Edition’,
McGraw Hill, 2012.
Most of the slides presented here are adopted and adapted from the
lecture notes of these text books
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 2
 2017 Turing Award Winners

David A Patterson John L Hennessy

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 3

 About the ACM A.M. Turing Award
The A.M. Turing Award was named after Alan M. Turing,
the British mathematician who articulated the
mathematical foundation and limits of computing, and
who was a key contributor to the Allied cryptanalysis of
the Enigma cipher during World War II. Since its inception
in 1966, the Turing Award has honored the Computer
Scientists and Engineers who created the systems and
underlying theoretical foundations that have propelled the
information technology industry
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 4
David A. Patterson is a Distinguished Engineer at
Google and serves as Vice Chair of the Board of the
RISC-V Foundation, which offers an open free
instruction set architecture with the aim to enable a
new era of processor innovation through open
standard collaboration. Patterson was Professor of
Computer Science at UC, Berkeley from 1976 to 2016.
He received his Bachelor’s, Master’s and doctoral
degrees in Computer science from the University of
California, Los Angeles
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 5
John L. Hennessy was President of Stanford University
from 2000 to 2016. He is Director of the Knight-
Hennessy Scholars Program at Stanford, a member of
the Board of Cisco Systems and the Gordon and Betty
Moore Foundation and Chairman of the Board of
Alphabet Inc. Hennessy earned his Bachelor’s degree
in Electrical Engineering from Villanova University and
his Master’s and doctoral degrees in Computer
Science from the State University of New York at
Stony Brook CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 6
 Course Objectives
• Learn what a digital computer contains and how it works
• Learn design concepts of a modern computer
Objectives Listed:
• To identify the requirements of different types of computer systems
• To understand the evaluation of computer systems based on various
performance metrics
• To study the characteristics of the ISA and the hardware software co-
design
• To trace the execution sequence of an instruction through the processor
• To compare different approaches used for implementing a functional unit
• To understand the fundamentals of1 -memory
CS 6107 - Module Lecture 1 and I/O systems and their
7
 Objectives of this lecture
• To understand the importance of studying
Computer Architecture
• To brief about the evolution of computer
systems and introduce the different classes of
computer systems
• To indicate the basic components and working
of the traditional von Neumann architecture
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 8
 Why study Computer Architecture?
• First and foremost, it is an exciting subject!

• Any Computer Engineer or Scientist should know the

underlying details of the machine he or she is going to use

• To become an expert on computer hardware or to become a

computer system designer, you need to know the internals
and be able to explore new opportunities and be updated
about the latest technological improvements

• To even become a software designer, you need to

understand the internals to improve code performance
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 9
 Evolution - Technology Trends
• Electronics technology
continues to evolve
• Increased capacity
and performance
• Reduced cost

Year Technology Relative performance/cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900
1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000
2005 Ultra large scale IC 6,200,000,000

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 10

 Technology => Dramatic Change
Processor transistor count: about 30% to
40% per year
Moore’s law
Gordon Moore
Co-founder of Intel
Memory capacity: about 60% per year (4x
every 3 years)
Disk capacity: about 60% per year
Opportunities for new applications
Better organizations and designs
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 11
Processor Performance (1978-2005)

Slowed down by
power and memory
latency
Almost 10000x
improvement between
1978 and 2005

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 12

Does Moore’s law hold good even today?

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 13

 Historical Perspective

• 1944: The First Electronic Computer ENIAC at IAS, Princeton Univ.

(18,000 vacuum tubes)
• Decade of 70’s (Microprocessors)
Programmable Controllers, Single Chip Microprocessors
Personal Computers
• Decade of 80’s (RISC Architecture)
Instruction Pipelining, Fast Cache Memories
Compiler Optimizations
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 14
 Historical Perspective

• Decade of 90’s (Instruction Level Parallelism)

Superscalar Processors, Instruction Level Parallelism (ILP),
Aggressive Code Scheduling, Out of Order Execution
• Decade of 2000’s (Multi-core processors)
Thread Level Parallelism (TLP), Low Cost Supercomputing

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 15

Classes of Computers
• Desktop computers
• General purpose, variety of software
• Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
• Server computers
• Network based
• High capacity, performance, reliability
• Range from small servers to building sized
• Embedded computers
• Hidden as components of systems
• Stringent power/performance/cost constraints

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 16

Classes of Computers
• Personal Mobile Devices
• Cost, energy, media performance
• Responsiveness
• Clusters / Warehouse-scale Computers
• Price – performance
• Throughput
• Energy proportionality

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 17

 The von Neumann Architecture
• Stored-Program Concept – Storing programs
as numbers – by John von Neumann –
Eckert and Mauchly worked in engineering
the concept
• Idea: A program is written as a sequence
of instructions, represented by binary
numbers. The instructions are stored in the
memory just as data. They are read one by
one, decoded and then executed by the
CPU
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 18
The Five Classic Components of a Computer
• Input (mouse, keyboard, …)
• Output (display, printer, …)
Input
• Memory
• main (DRAM), cache (SRAM)
• secondary (disk,
CD, DVD, …) Output
• Datapath Processor Processor
• Control (CPU)
Control
Memory
1001010010110000
0010100101010001
1111011101100110
1001010010110000
Datapath 1001010010110000
1001010010110000

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 19

Below Your Program
• Application software
• Written in high-level language
• System software
• Compiler: translates HLL code to
machine code
• Assembler: translates assembly code to
machine code
• Operating System: service code
• Handling input/output
• Managing memory and storage
• Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
• Hardware
• Processor, memory, I/O controllers

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1

Levels of Program Code
• High-level language
• Level of abstraction closer to
problem domain
• Provides for productivity and
portability
• Assembly language
• Textual representation of
instructions
• Hardware representation
• Binary digits (bits)
• Encoded instructions and data

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 21

What is “Computer Architecture”?
Application (Netscape)
Operating System
Compiler (Unix;
Software Assembler Windows 9x)
Instruction Set
Architecture
Hardware Processor Memory I/O system

Datapath & Control

Digital Design
Circuit Design
transistors, IC layout

• Key Idea: levels of abstraction

• hide unnecessary implementation details
• helps us cope with enormous complexity of real systems

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 22

The Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): A
Critical Interface
software

instruction set

hardware

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 23

What is “Computer Architecture” ?
• Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture +
Computer Organization
• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
• WHAT the computer does (logical view)
• Computer Organization
• HOW the ISA is implemented (physical view)
• We will study both in this course
CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 24
 Summary
• Motivation to study the course
• Evolution
• Classes of Computer Systems
• von Neumann Architecture
• Functional Units of a Digital Computer
• What is Computer Architecture

CS 6107 - Module 1 - Lecture 1 25