Relative Reference

Absolute Reference
Mixed Reference
 Refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet
and can be used in a formula so that MS EXCEL can
find the values or data that you want that formula to
calculate.
 In one several formulas, you can use a cell
reference to refer to:
 Data from one or more Contiguous cell on the worksheet.
 Data contained in different areas of a worksheet.
 Data on other worksheets in the same workbook
Formula Refers to: Description

=C2 Cell C2 The value in cell C2

Cells A1 through Summation of Cells A1

=SUM(A1:A4)
A4 through A4
The value in cell B2 on
=Sheet2!B2 Cell B2 on Sheet2
Sheet2
Relative Referencing
Absolute Referencing
Mixed Referencing
By default, all cell references are relative
references
When copied across multiple cells, they
change based on the relative position of
rows and columns.
Especially convenient whenever you need
to repeat the same calculations across
multiple rows and columns.
EXAMPLE
 Relative
Formula Description
Referencing

Relative Column, Relative Row

=A4 =A4 -Value will change based on the relative position of rows
and columns
Do not change when copied or filled.
To keep a row and a column constant.
Designated in a formula by the addition
of a dollar sign ($).
Dollar sign precede to both column and
row
 Absolute
Formula Description
Referencing

Absolute Column, Absolute Row

=A3 =$A$3 - The column and the row do not change when copied

EXAMPLE
Dollar sign ($) precede the column
reference or the row reference.
One coordinate is absolute and the
other is Relative:
Relative Column, Absolute Row
Absolute Column, Relative Row
 Mixed
Formula Description
Referencing

Relative Column, Absolute Row

=A2 =A$2 -The row does not change when copied

Absolute Column, Relative Row

=A1 =$A1 -The column does not change when copied
•To freeze rows
•To freeze columns
 EXAMPLE

Whenever you're working with a lot of data, it

can be difficult to compare information in
your spreadsheet/workbook. Fortunately,
Excel includes several tools that make it
easier to view content from different parts of
your spreadsheet/workbook at the same time,
such as the ability to freeze panes.
You may want to see certain rows or columns
all the time in your worksheet,
especially header cells. By freezing rows or
columns in place, you'll be able to scroll
through your content while continuing to view
the frozen cells.
Select the row below the row(s) you want
to freeze. In our example, we want to freeze
rows 1 and 2, so we'll select row 3.
Click the View tab on the Ribbon.
Select the Freeze Panes command, then
choose Freeze Panes from the drop-down
menu.
Select the column to the right of the
column(s) you want to freeze. In our example,
we want to freeze column A, so we'll select
column B.
Click the View tab on the Ribbon.
Select the Freeze Panes command, then
choose Freeze Panes from the drop-down
menu.
To unfreeze rows or columns, click
the Freeze Panes command, then
select Unfreeze Panes from the
drop-down menu.
Excel's most
powerful
features
Automatically summarizes your data.
You can “slice and dice” in a different
ways
 Allows you to extract the significance
from a large, detailed data set
Many people have the idea that building a
pivot table is complicated and time-

EXAMPLE
consuming, but it's simply not true.
Compared to the time it would take you to
build an equivalent report manually, pivot
tables are incredibly fast.
If you have well-organized source data, you
can create a pivot table less than a minute.
Excel's most
powerful
features
Note: Your data shouldn't have any
empty rows or columns. It must
have only a single-row heading.
 Under Choose where you
want the PivotTable report
to be placed, select New
worksheet to place the
PivotTable in a new
worksheet or Existing
worksheet and then select
the location you want the
PivotTable to appear.
To add a field to your PivotTable, select the
field name checkbox in the PivotTables
Fields pane.
Note: Selected fields are added to their
default areas: non-numeric fields are added
to Rows, date and time hierarchies are added
to Columns, and numeric fields are added
to Values.