Retailers like JC Penny are filling their stores with pleasant mood

evoking odour to stimulate the desirability of product

….Symbolic aspect of maps
Content forms a clear direction of themes…style of
ornamentation in antique maps
Perception of beauty ??
Perception of beauty ????
Perception of beauty ?????????
STEVE MCCURRY ‘AFGHAN GIRL”
….beauty ….beauty
 Or
Simply

Everything !!!
 ***Rationalism is…
• Rationalists believed that reality has an intrinsically logical
structure.
• Rationalists argued that certain truths exist and that the intellect
can directly grasp these truths.
• Rationalists asserted that certain rational principles exist in logic,
mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally
true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction.
• Rationalists had such a high confidence in reason that empirical
proof and physical evidence were regarded as unnecessary to
ascertain certain truths – in other words- "there are significant
ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained
independently of sense experience".
 RATIONALIST PHILOSOPHY FROM
ANTIQUITY
Because of the complicated nature of rationalist thinking, the
nature of philosophy, and the understanding that humans are
aware of knowledge available only through the use of rational
thought, many of the great philosophers from antiquity laid
down the foundation for rationalism though they themselves
weren't rationalists as we understand the concept today.
RATIONALISM : The great philosopher Socrates was condemned to death by the government of
Athens for questioning the existence of the Gods
HUMANISM
 HUMANISM
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance
that emphasizes the value and agency of
human beings, individually and collectively, and
affirms their ability to improve their lives
through the use of reason and ingenuity as
opposed to submitting blindly to tradition and
authority or sinking into cruelty and brutality.
The term was coined in 1808 by the early
nineteenth century German educational
reformer and theologian Friedrich Niethammer.
 HUMANISM
The word "Humanism" is ultimately derived from the
Latin concept Humanitas, and, like most other words
ending in -ism, entered English in the nineteenth
century. However, historians agree that the concept
predates the label invented to describe it,
encompassing the various meanings ascribed
to Humanitas, which included both benevolence
toward one's fellow humans and the values imparted
by bonae litterae or humane learning (literally "good
letters").
Durer
 RAPHAEL

BERTICOLI
 Michelangelo: Adams hand

"The Battle of San Romano" by Paolo

Uccello. Italian Humanist paintings

Humanism - Any attitude that gives

priority to human endeavours, their
values, capacities, worth, interests,
needs, and welfare, rather than to
those of the gods, the spirits, the
animals, or any other non-human
thing. Also, the study of the
humanities
FALLOUT OF RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
Renaissance Humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform
engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators,
and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to
as “Humanists“ and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university
education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic.
Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or
professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic,
natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. Humanists reacted against
this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They
sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and
write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life
of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent
actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the ‘Studia
Humanitatis’, today known as the Humanities : Grammar, Rhetoric, History,
Poetry and Moral Philosophy. As a program to revive the cultural – and
particularly the literary – legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity,
Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a few
isolated geniuses like Erasmus as is still sometimes popularly believed.
 SECULAR HUMANISM
Secular humanism is a comprehensive LIFE STANCE or WORLD
VIEW which embraces human reason , metaphysical naturalism ,
altruistic morality and distributive justice, and consciously rejects
supernatural claims, theistic faith and religiosity , pseudoscience and
superstition . It is sometimes referred to as Humanism (with a capital
H and no qualifying adjective).
The International Humanist and Ethical Union ( IHEU ) is the world
union of 117 Humanist, Rationalist, Irreligious , Atheistic , Bright ,
Secular , Ethical Culture and Free-thought organisations in 38
countries. The “Happy Human” is the official symbol of the IHEU as
well as being regarded as a universally recognised symbol for secular
humanism.
* According to the IHEU's bylaw 5.1 :
“Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that
human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and
shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane
society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in
the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is
not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.”
 RELIGIOUS HUMANISM
"Religious Humanists" are non-superstitious people who nevertheless see
ethical humanism as their religion, and who seek to integrate humanist
ethical philosophy
with congregational rituals centred on human needs, interests, and abilities.
Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under
the name of “Humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-
theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long
history.
The ‘Cult of Reason’ ( French : Culte de la Raison) was a religion based on
deism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hebert and their
supporters.
In 1793 during the French Revolution , the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris
was turned into a "Temple to Reason" and for a time Lady Liberty replaced
the Virgin Mary on several altars.
In the 1850’s Auguste Comte ,the Father of Sociology, founded Positivism ,a
“Religion of Humanity".
One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist
organisations was the ‘Humanistic Religious Association’ formed in 1853 in
London. This early group was democratically organised, with male and female
members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted
knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts.
‘The Ethical Culture movement’ was founded in 1876. The movement's
founder, Felix Adler, a former member of the ‘Free Religious Association’ ,
conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would retain the ethical
message at the heart of all religions. Ethical Culture was religious in the sense
of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate
concern.
 DUALISM is a term that ironically
enough has two meanings “STATE
WHERE YOU HAVE TWO ASPECTS”
and “believing that something have
two main aspects”.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF DUALISM
“Mind and Body” Dualism represents the
metaphysical stance that mind and body are two
distinct substances , each with a different essential
nature. Dualism put simply, is the idea that there
are two fundamental kinds or categories of things
or principles.
 FORMS OF DUALISM
In Theology, a ‘Dualist’ is
someone who believes that
Good and Evil or God and
the Devil are independent
and more or less equal
forces or powers in the
world.
In Philosophy of mind,
Dualism is the theory that
the mental and physical
are different things.
VARIETIES OF DUALISM
Predicate Dualism claims that most psychological states or
psychological predicates can not be broken down into physical
descriptions.
• Espoused by non-reductive physicalists Donald Davidson and Jerry Fodor.
• Subscribes to Anomalous Monism -Mental predicates are irreducibly different in character
(rational, holistic and necessary) from physical predicates (contingent, atomic and causal)

Substance Dualism or Cartesian Dualism argues that the mind is an

independently existing substance.
• Rene Descartes states there are two kinds of foundation : mental and body.
• Mental can exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think. It is compatible with
most theologies which claim that immortal souls occupy an independent "realm" of
existence distinct from that of the physical world.

Property Dualism maintains that the mind is a group of independent

properties that emerge from the brain, but that is not a distinct
substance.
• It is said to be sub-branch of ‘Emergent Materialism’.
• It asserts that when matter is organized in the appropriate way (i.e., in the way that living
human bodies are organized), mental properties emerge.
MIND/BODY INTERACTION

Interactionism : Mental causes ( such as beliefs

and desires ) can produce material effects and
vice-versa.
Occasionalism : Interaction between the material
and immaterial is impossible, and that the
interactions were really caused by the intervention
of God on each individual occasion.

Parallelism : Mental causes only have mental

effects, and physical causes only have physical
effects, but that God has created a pre-established
harmony so that it seems as if physical and mental
events cause, and are caused by one another.
PLATO : HISTORY OF DUALISM

Dualism can be traced back

to the Greek philosopher
Plato ( 428-348 BC ).
Developed his ‘Theory of
Forms’ – “Distinct and
immaterial substances of
which the objects and other
phenomena that we
perceive in the world are
nothing more than mere
shadows”…
ARISTOTLE : HISTORY OF DUALISM
Aristotle ( 384-322 BC ) was also a
Greek philosopher who had a
slightly different take on Dualism
– “If the intellect were a specific
material organ ( or part of one )
then it would be restricted to
receiving only certain kinds of
information ( in the same way that
the eye is restricted to receiving
visual data ). Since the intellect is
capable of receiving and reflecting
on all forms of data, then it must
not be a physical organ and so
must be immaterial.”
HISTORY OF DUALISM
Non Platonic
Christians ( 3rd
Century A.D.)
“believed that
soul was the
substance of
each individual
being, while the
body was just a
shadow”.
HISTORY OF DUALISM
In the 17th Century,
Rene Descartes is
responsible for the
evolution of Dualism
as it is known today.
He clearly identified
mind and body as two
separate entities that
are able to interact in
some way to the
pineal glands.
CaRtEsIaN dUaLiSm…
NURSING KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT
AND DUALISM THEORY
Nursing Science is the body of
knowledge concerning human beings
and how they encompass their world.
Both sciences and humanities play a
vital part in nursing research and
development. Philosophy relies on
logic and reasoning rather than
empiric evidence to create
knowledge. Dualism practices the
philosophical idea that the body’s
behavior is not guided by purpose but
by the body ( physical ) and mind
( mental ).
Thinking &
Reasoning
 LINEAR THINKING
Linear Thinking (also known as Vertical Thinking )
term was coined by Edward de Bono in his 1967
book “The Use of Lateral Thinking.”
Linear Thinking is based on logic, rules and rationality
(or sustained reason) to solve a problem. The thought
process is singular: there is one path toward
completion which ignores possibilities and
alternatives. It’s methodical, sequential and
focused. Each step is dependent upon a yes (correct)
or no (not correct) option or solution. It’s easy to
repeat, and to teach others. The process tends to be
efficient, organized and completed on time. A person
who uses Linear Thinking is constant.
 LINEAR THINKING

Neither Linear or Lateral Thinking is the right answer for every

situation. They’re simply different ways to think, each having
advantages and drawbacks.
So, to answer the woman’s original question :
Neither way to the wrong way to think, as long as
you know when to use the right one.
 LINEAR THINKING

Not surprisingly, experts say this type of

thinking accounts for 90% of our thinking
each day – and no wonder. In a business
situation, this type of behaviour is highly
valued. In general, people who primarily
use Linear Thinking are viewed as honest,
matured and intelligent. The person using
Linear Thinking is selective, concentrated
and automatic. Many professions rely
heavily on Linear Thinking : Solicitors,
Accountants, Police, Scientists, for
example.
But Linear Thinking has drawbacks too…
As de Bono states in his book: “You cannot dig a hole in a different
place by digging the same hole deeper.”
Because Linear Thinking sees the world only as black and white, the
person using this thinking style cannot create options, make
secondary arrangements if the primary procedure breaks down, find
the middle ground, or reach compromise. Because Linear Thinking is
repetitious, the outcome never changes, which can lead to
diminishing results.
As Einstein said, “The definition of insanity is doing the same thing
over and over, and expecting different results.”
Think of Linear Thinking as driving a highway to your destination. It’s speedy, well-
marked and easy to reach the destination. But what happens if something happens
along the way, such as a major road block, construction or a traffic jam. Linear Thinking
can’t progress. There is only one direction, so either the driver has to force their way
through the blockage – which is highly unusual or unlikely, if not impossible – or they
have to sit and wait. Conversely, drivers who use Lateral Thinking have no problem
turning off, finding a different route, and enjoying the route. But it’ll take far more time,
it’s much easier to get lost, and the focus is lost. The destination is not the goal, the
journey is, so it’s quite possible the Lateral Driver will never show up.
In short, the driver using Linear Thinking is be safe, keep your nose down, and let’s just
get it done. The driver using Lateral Thinking is let’s go, let’s see what we can see, and if
we get lost, so be it. Neither is a wrong approach, but you might see now that the driver
who uses both Linear and Lateral Thinking, at the right times, will have the most
efficient and most diverse drive. Perhaps too you can see the two types of thinking
aren’t just opposite, they’re also complementary. They balance each other. If the Linear
Thinker couldn’t switch to Lateral Thinking, nothing would ever improve. If the Lateral
Thinker couldn’t switch Linear Thinking, no new idea could be implemented.
 SIX THINKING HATS METHOD
The creation of vertical thinking was meant to serve as a tool to incite critical thinking
in individuals from a young age. Though not as widely renown as Six Thinking Hats , the
works of de Bono in this case can again be seen as a tool to assist teachers in an
academic setting. De Bono saw it as vital for the individuals categorized under the
developing age to acknowledge the concept of critical thinking.
6
 PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Introduction of these concepts to a child are said to be most useful from the ages 4
onward. When considering existing adolescent trends with regards to cognitive
development, it is around the age of 4 that individuals begin to realize that thoughts
may not always be true. This is the around the age where the ability to acquire
knowledge through induction occurs for the child. Thus, the ability to think
sequentially (in this case being classified as vertical thinking) is a concept that will
begin to resonate with the child. Due to the fact that individuals generally affiliate
themselves with a single method of thinking. This is said to help stimulate the type of
thinking the child would otherwise not be comfortable with.

Benefits for children of developing these thinking skills include, but are not limited to :
a) Achieve stability both socially and emotionally
b) Develop physiological maturity at a younger age
c) Limit levels of anger and aggression
d) Perform at a higher level in classrooms
e) Improve personal and professional life
MEASURING LINEAR THINKING
There are tests available
that assess the
characteristics that are
associated with Linear
thinking, like these :

Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator : This
personality assessment,
also known as MBTI,
evaluates personality
types and functions. For
example, the
characteristics that relate
to the linear or lateral
thinking style that this
test assesses, involves
sensing versus intuition.
 REASONING

Deductive Reasoning : Determines whether the truth of a conclusion can be

determined for that rule, based solely on the truth of the premises. Example: "When it rains,
things outside get wet. The grass is outside, therefore: when it rains, the grass gets wet."
Mathematical logic and philosophical logic are commonly associated with this type of reasoning.

Inductive Reasoning : Attempts to support a determination of the rule. It hypothesizes a

rule after numerous examples are taken to be a conclusion that follows from a precondition
in terms of such a rule. Example: "The grass got wet numerous times when it rained,
therefore: the grass always gets wet when it rains." While they may be persuasive, these
arguments are not deductively valid, see the problem of induction. Science is associated
with this type of reasoning.

Abductive Reasoning : Selects a cogent set of preconditions. Given a true conclusion and a rule, it
attempts to select some possible premises that, if true also, can support the conclusion, though
not uniquely. Example: "When it rains, the grass gets wet. The grass is wet. Therefore, it might
have rained." This kind of reasoning can be used to develop a hypothesis, which in turn can be
tested by additional reasoning or data. Diagnosticians, detectives, and scientists often use this
type of reasoning.
We can turn to nature to study how to create better buildings, airplanes,
glues, insulation, and more. Biomimicry improves our lives by mimicking
the natural world.
 T
“Punk” mixed media hanging
Tapestry designed by Candice Bahout
In 1981, an example of her interest in
personal self-expression. In the early
1980’s Punks began to exemplify
anti-establishment modes of dress
and behaviour.
 1

‘Valley Curtain’, Grand Hogback, Rifle Colorado, 1970-72, created and constructed
by Christo as an Environmental Art ; an artist’s manipulation of textiles as a
large scale flexible medium.
YIQING YIN HAUTE COUTURE
EASTERN AESTHETICS
Art has had a very long life in India. It is still in its
momentum. From the cave paintings of the pre-
historic times to the contemporary creations of
today, it has come a long way and matured
gracefully.
SADANGA
 Now, India of the 1st century BC had seen the evolution
of the ‘Sadanga’ or the Six Limbs of painting, which are
considered as the prime principles of the art even
today. So strong were these principles, that they have
found a place even in Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra.
The Six Limbs are:

“Roopabhedah pramanani bhava-lavanya-yojanam |

Sadrishyam varnakabhangam iti chitram shadakam ||”
 Roopbheda –
The knowledge of looks and appearances.
 Roopbheda –
The knowledge of looks and appearances.
‘Roopa’ means the outer form or appearance of the
subject. The perception is visual as well as mental.
‘Bheda,’ on the other hand, means difference. In other
words, to create a painting, an artist needs to have a
sound knowledge about the different forms that exist.
He has to know how a form of life differs from a form of
death. Both have their own characteristic features and
sublimity.
‘Roopabheda’ enables an artist to perceive and depict
things as they appear. Of course, this knowledge cannot
depend solely on the power of sight. Experience is as
much important as the former.
 Pramanani –
Accuracy and precision of measurement
and structure.
 Pramanani –
Accuracy and precision of measurement
and structure.
This principle is governed by certain laws, which give us the
capability of proving the correctness of our perception and
delineation. ‘Pramamani’ teaches us the exact measure,
proportion and distance of the subjects. It provides an insight
into the structural anatomy of objects, too.
for instance, if someone asks you ‘how blue’ is the sky, a
measurement as such can be futile. We can never possibly
depict in on a mere piece of paper of a few inches. Oceans
cannot be depicted in a few wavy strokes of the brush. A
sense of proportion has to be imbibed oneself to measure the
‘blueness’ of the sky and the depth of the water in an ocean.
 Bhava –
Women, by Raja Ravi Verma
 Bhava -
Gipsy Girl, by Amrita Shergill, 1932
 Bhava –
The feelings on forms .

‘Bhava’ means an emotion, a feeling, an intention, or an idea.

This aspect of art is depicted in the form of feelings expressed
by the subject. Take up any online Indian art gallery, and you
will notice how no painting is complete without a bhava.
In fact, in an entirely lifeless depiction, it is only this aspect
which can bring about a sense of life and passion. You can
imagine an artwork as a vessel full of water. It shall remain
still and without ripples as long as it doesn’t get a push from
an external factor like a gush of breeze. A bhava is like a
breeze of air – it gives the painting the much-needed motion.
 Lavanya Yojanam –
Blending grace in an artistic expression.
 Lavanya Yojanam –
Blending grace in an artistic expression.

Your painting should be gracefully high in its artistic

quality. The pramanani is for stringent proportions,
and bhava is for expressing movement. But, lavanya
yojanamis for controlling the over-expression of both.
The motive is to bring about a sense of beauty in a
dignified and organised manner.
Abanindranath Tagore, the famous artist from West
Bengal, has described lavanya yojanam as a ‘loving
mother,’ who is also careful about the rules of raising
up her child. We can also imagine the aspect as a round
pearl without its luster. It won’t attract buyers, anyway.
 Lavanya Yojanam –
Yakshini of Didarganj
The Indian Yakshi
sculptures at Kajhurao
and Konark are a
hallmark of Lavanya.
Here the Yakshi of
Didarganj deserves a
special mention for its
unparallel beauty and
poise. This life size
statue is one of the
most remarkable
pieces of Mauryan
art. It is an ideal
example where its
creator has truly
infused grace in her
beauty.
Sadrisyam or
Resemblance.
 Sadrisyam or
Resemblance.

This is perhaps the most challenging task of creating a

painting. Sadrisyam suggests the degree to which a depiction
is similar to an artist’s vision or the subject itself. In a way, it is
also a way of depicting similitude.
Why do poets often compare a woman’s locks of hair with a
snake? Why is a beautiful girl called ‘moon-faced’? Why are
her lips like rose petals and eyes like those of a deer? Well,
THIS is similitude in a literal sense. Of course, artists cannot
draw snakes instead of a lady’s tresses or a moon instead of
her face. The delineation must come from their artistic way of
painting.
 Varnakabhangam -
An artistic way of making use of the brush
and colors.
 Varnakabhangam -
An artistic way of making use of the brush
and colours.
Your The term translated means the way a subject is being drawn and
colored. So, obviously, there shall be the use of brush and pigments. What
this principle focuses on, is the way the strokes are being applied to a
canvas, and the knowledge of the artist about the different colors. Here is a
very interesting piece from mythology, where the great Lord Shiva speaks
about the knowledge of varnas to his wife, Parvati. He says, “Everything is
futile – the repeating of mantras and the telling of beads, austerities and
devotion, unless one has gained the knowledge of Varnas—the true
significance of the letterings and the luster and virtue of figures.”
Indeed, you will tremble, or only end up applying meaningless strokes on
your canvas until you have learnt how to use the brush right. While all the
above five principles can be mastered simply via perception, you can never
learn varnakabhangam without some real, hands-on practice.
 Sadanga-
Wrap Up

The Sadanga is an inevitable part of every great

Indian masterpiece. From the ancient paintings of
Ajanta to those created by Raja Ravi Verma, and
Hussain of today, you will observe that every
notable artist has silently put to use all the six
principles. And, it is only when you have known
inside out, these prime principles, can you become
an artist in every true sense.
 Hseih Ho’s Six Canons-

China has a long history of scholarship in art, especially

on the art of painting (one of the most popular forms
of art in the history of Chinese art). Evidence of this
goes all the way back to the fourth century (citations of
scholarship on art can be found even earlier than the
fourth century). Many of these writings and texts were
not well preserved so few of the actual texts are left
today. However, throughout history, many of these
writings and texts have been quoted by ancient Chinese
scholars, historians, and authors.
One of the most famous writings on art is by Xie He
which was written during the sixth century. The
following are his six “canons” or “laws” on art :
 Hseih Ho’s Six Canons-

Hseih Ho’s Six Canons :

1. Engender a sense of movement through spirit
consonance.
2. Use the brush with the bone method.
3. Responding to things, depict their form.
4. According to kind, describe appearances (with
color ).
5. Dividing and planning, positioning and arranging.
6. Transmitting and conveying earlier models
through copying and transcribing.
2
 Hseih Ho’s Six Canons-

Hseih Ho’s argument is also well laid out because of the order of his
canons. The order of his canons indicate the primary, secondary, and
tertiary concerns of Chinese painters. Based on his Six Canons, Hseih
Ho believes that the artist’s primary objective is to capture the vital
spirit of the subjects in their paintings as well as to demonstrate their
own sensitivity to that spirit. The second concern in the Six Canons is
the artist’s brush work. The artist much handle the brush with
expertise and carefully choose the placement of their ink strokes. The
third concern mentioned in the sixth canon is about a standard
Chinese practice among painters: copying. Like artists from many
other different cultures, Chinese painters would often copy the works
of their masters to learn and further develop their painting skills, as
well as to form their own ideas on painting. Through his Six Canons,
Hseih Ho lays out a pretty strong argument on the art of painting.