What is matplotlib

Matplotlib is the whole python package/

library used to create 2D graphs and plots
by using python scripts.
What is significance of pyplot
• pyplot is a module in matplotlib, which supports a
very wide variety of graphs and plots namely -
histogram, bar charts, power spectra, error charts etc.
It is used along with NumPy to provide an
environment for MatLab.
Module used to plot a graph
Matplotlib.pyplot
What is significance of plt in the following
python code
Import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
what is line graph
A line chart or line graph is a type of chart which displays information
as a series of data points called ‘markers’ connected by straight line
segments.

Line graphs are usually used to find relationship between two data sets
on different axis; for instance X, Y.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
year = [2015,2016,2017,2018]
pass_per= [96,98.5,98.5 ,100]
plt.plot(pass_per, year)
plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
year = [2015,2016,2017,2018]
pass_per= [96,98.5,98.5 ,100]
plt.plot(pass_per, year)
plt.xlabel("Pass Percentage")
plt.ylabel("Year")
plt.title("Year Wise Pass Percentage")

plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
year = [2015,2016,2017,2018]
pass_per= [96,98.5,98.5 ,100]
plt.plot(pass_per, year)
plt.xlabel("Pass Percentage",color='red')
plt.ylabel("Year",color='green')
plt.title("Year Wise Pass Percentage",color='yellow')

plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
year = [2015,2016,2017,2018]
pass_per= [96,98.5,98.5 ,100]
plt.plot(pass_per,
year,marker='o',markeredgecolor='red',markerfacecolor='yellow',ls='dashdot')
plt.xlabel("Pass Percentage",color='red')
plt.ylabel("Year",color='green')
plt.title("Year Wise Pass Percentage",color='yellow')

plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
year = [2015,2016,2017,2018]
pass_per_cs= [96,98.5,98.5 ,100]
pass_per_ip=[97,98,99,99]
plt.plot(pass_per_cs,
year,marker='o',markeredgecolor='red',markerfacecolor='yellow',ls='dashdot',color='magenta',label='CS')
plt.plot(pass_per_ip,
year,marker='d',markeredgecolor='blue',markerfacecolor='green',ls='dotted',color='red',label='IP')
plt.legend(loc='upper center')
plt.xlabel("Pass Percentage",color='red')
plt.ylabel("Year",color='green')
plt.title("Year Wise Pass Percentage",color='yellow')

plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
year = [2015,2016,2017,2018]
pass_per_cs= [96,98.5,98.5 ,100]
pass_per_ip=[97,98,99,99]
plt.plot(pass_per_cs,
year,marker='o',markeredgecolor='red',markerfacecolor='yellow',ls='dashdot',color
='magenta',label='CS')
plt.plot(pass_per_ip,
year,marker='d',markeredgecolor='blue',markerfacecolor='green',ls='dotted',color='
red',label='IP')
plt.legend(loc='upper center')
plt.xlabel("Pass Percentage",color='red')
plt.ylabel("Year",color='green')
plt.title("Year Wise Pass Percentage",color='yellow')
plt.yticks(year)
plt.show()
Bar chart
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
year =np.array( [2015,2016,2017,2018])
pass_per_cs= [50,98.5,60 ,100]
pass_per_ip=[60,90,40,100]
plt.bar(year,pass_per_cs,ls='dashdot',width=0.5,color='magenta',edgecolor='black',label='CS')
plt.bar(year+0.2,pass_per_ip,width=0.5,ls='dotted',color='red',edgecolor='black',label='IP')
plt.legend(loc='upper center')
plt.xlabel("Pass Percentage",color='red')
plt.ylabel("Year",color='green')
plt.title("Year Wise Pass Percentage",color='yellow')
#plt.xticks([90,92,94,96,98,100])
plt.show()
Horizontal bar
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

height = [3, 12, 5, 18, 45]

bars = ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E')
y_pos = np.arange(len(bars))

# Create horizontal bars

plt.barh(y_pos, height)

# Create names on the y-axis

plt.yticks(y_pos,bars)

# Show graphic
plt.show()
Saving graph
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
year =np.array( [2015,2016,2017,2018])
pass_per_cs= [96,98.5,98.5 ,100]
pass_per_ip=[97,98,99,99]
plt.bar(year,pass_per_cs,ls='dashdot',color='magenta',width=0.5,edgecolor='black',label='CS')
plt.bar(year+0.2,pass_per_ip,ls='dotted',color='red',width=0.5,edgecolor='black',label='IP')
plt.legend(loc='upper center')
plt.xlabel("Pass Percentage",color='red')
plt.ylabel("Year",color='green')
plt.title("Year Wise Pass Percentage",color='yellow')
plt.xticks([2015,2016,2017,2018])

plt.savefig("abc.png")
plt.show()
Pie Chart

explode : array-like, optional, default: None

If not None, is a len(x) array which specifies the
fraction of the radius with which to offset each wedge.

labels : list, optional, default: None

A sequence of strings providing the labels for each wedge
colors : array-like, optional, default: None
A sequence of matplotlib color args through which the pie
chart will cycle. If None, will use the colors in the currently
active cycle.
autopct : None (default), string, or function, optional
If not None, is a string or function used to label the wedges
with their numeric value. The label will be placed inside the
wedge. If it is a format string, the label will be fmt%pct. If it
is a function, it will be called.

startangle : float, optional, default: None

If not None, rotates the start of the pie chart
by angle degrees counterclockwise from the x-axis.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
labels = 'Chemistry', 'Physics', 'Maths', 'CS'
reading_hours = [5,4,4,2]
colors = ['gold', 'yellowgreen', 'lightcoral', 'lightskyblue']
explode = (0.1, 0, 0, 0) # explode 1st slice

# Plot
plt.pie(reading_hours, explode=explode, labels=labels,
colors=colors,autopct='%1.1f%%', shadow=True, startangle=140)

plt.axis('equal')
plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
labels = 'Chemistry', 'Physics', 'Maths', 'CS'
reading_hours = [5,4,4,2]
colors = ['gold', 'yellowgreen', 'lightcoral', 'lightskyblue']
explode = (0.1, 0, 0, 0) # explode 1st slice

# Plot
plt.pie(reading_hours, explode=explode, labels=labels,
colors=colors,autopct='%1.1f%%', shadow=True, startangle=140)
plt.legend(loc="upper left")
plt.axis('equal')
plt.show()
Histograms
A histogram is an accurate graphical representation of the distribution
of numerical data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a
continuous variable (quantitative variable) and was first introduced by
Karl Pearson. It is a kind of bar graph. To construct a histogram, the first
step is to “bin” the range of values — that is, divide the entire range of
values into a series of intervals — and then count how many values fall
into each interval. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-
overlapping intervals of a variable. The bins (intervals) must be
adjacent, and are often (but are not required to be) of equal size.
• Alternatively, you may derive the bins using the following formulas:
• n = number of observations
• Range = maximum value – minimum value
• # of intervals = √n
• Width of intervals = Range / (# of intervals)
• let’s say that you have the following data about the age of 100
individuals
•:
Age

1,1,2,3,3,5,7,8,9,10,
10,11,11,13,13,15,16,17,18,18,
18,19,20,21,21,23,24,24,25,25,
25,25,26,26,26,27,27,27,27,27,
29,30,30,31,33,34,34,34,35,36,
36,37,37,38,38,39,40,41,41,42,
43,44,45,45,46,47,48,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54,55,55,56,57,58,60,
61,63,64,65,66,68,70,71,72,74,
75,77,81,83,84,87,89,90,90,91
Determine number of bins
• Using our formulas:
• n = number of observations = 100
• Range = maximum value – minimum value = 91 – 1 = 90
• # of intervals = √n = √100 = 10
• Width of intervals = Range / (# of intervals) = 90/10 = 9
 Based on this information, the frequency table would look like this:

Intervals (bins) Frequency

0-9 9

Note that the 10-19 13

starting point for 20-29 19
the first interval is
30-39 15
0, which is very
close to the 40-49 13
minimum
50-59 10
observation of 1
in our dataset 60-69 7
70-79 6
80-89 5
90–99 3
So , python code to plot histogram

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1,1,2,3,3,5,7,8,9,10, 10,11,11,13,13,15,16,17,18,18, 18,19,
20,21,21,23,24,24,25,25, 25,25,26,26,26,27,27,27,27,27, 29,30,
30,31,33,34,34,34,35,36, 36,37,37,38,38,39,40,41,41,42, 43,44,
45,45,46,47,48,48,49,50, 51,52,53,54,55,55,56,57,58,60, 61,63,
64,65,66,68,70,71,72,74, 75,77,81,83,84,87,89,90,90,91 ]

plt.hist(x, bins=[0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,99])
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1,1,2,3,3,5,7,8,9,10,
10,11,11,13,13,15,16,17,18,18,
18,19,20,21,21,23,24,24,25,25,
25,25,26,26,26,27,27,27,27,27,
29,30,30,31,33,34,34,34,35,36,
36,37,37,38,38,39,40,41,41,42,
43,44,45,45,46,47,48,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54,55,55,56,57,58,60,
61,63,64,65,66,68,70,71,72,74,
75,77,81,83,84,87,89,90,90,91
]

plt.hist(x, bins=[0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,99],width=5.0)
plt.show()
cumulative : bool, optional
If True, then a histogram is computed where each bin gives the
counts in that bin plus all bins for smaller values. The last bin gives
the total number of datapoints. If normed or density is also True
then the histogram is normalized such that the last bin equals 1.
If cumulative evaluates to less than 0 (e.g., -1), the direction of
accumulation is reversed. In this case, if normed and/or density is
also True, then the histogram is normalized such that the first bin
equals 1.
Default is False
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1,1,2,3,3,5,7,8,9,10,
10,11,11,13,13,15,16,17,18,18,
18,19,20,21,21,23,24,24,25,25,
25,25,26,26,26,27,27,27,27,27,
29,30,30,31,33,34,34,34,35,36,
36,37,37,38,38,39,40,41,41,42,
43,44,45,45,46,47,48,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54,55,55,56,57,58,60,
61,63,64,65,66,68,70,71,72,74,
75,77,81,83,84,87,89,90,90,91
]

plt.hist(x, bins=[0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,99],width=5.0 , cumulative=True)

plt.show()
histtype : {'bar', 'barstacked', 'step', 'stepfilled'}, optional
The type of histogram to draw.
• 'bar' is a traditional bar-type histogram. If multiple data are
given the bars are arranged side by side.
• 'barstacked' is a bar-type histogram where multiple data
are stacked on top of each other.
• 'step' generates a lineplot that is by default unfilled.
• 'stepfilled' generates a lineplot that is by default filled.
Default is 'bar'
Ex. Step (width not work here)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1,1,2,3,3,5,7,8,9,10,
10,11,11,13,13,15,16,17,18,18,
18,19,20,21,21,23,24,24,25,25,
25,25,26,26,26,27,27,27,27,27,
29,30,30,31,33,34,34,34,35,36,
36,37,37,38,38,39,40,41,41,42,
43,44,45,45,46,47,48,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54,55,55,56,57,58,60,
61,63,64,65,66,68,70,71,72,74,
75,77,81,83,84,87,89,90,90,91
]
plt.hist(x, bins=[0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,99], histtype='step')
plt.show()
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1,1,2,3,3,5,7,8,9,10,
10,11,11,13,13,15,16,17,18,18,
18,19,20,21,21,23,24,24,25,25,
25,25,26,26,26,27,27,27,27,27,
29,30,30,31,33,34,34,34,35,36,
36,37,37,38,38,39,40,41,41,42,
43,44,45,45,46,47,48,48,49,50,
51,52,53,54,55,55,56,57,58,60,
61,63,64,65,66,68,70,71,72,74,
75,77,81,83,84,87,89,90,90,91
]
plt.hist(x, bins=[0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,99], histtype='step‘ ,
cumulative =True)
plt.show()
BOXPLOT

Boxplot is probably one of the most common type of graphic.

It gives a nice summary of one or several numeric variables.
The line that divides the box into 2 parts represents the median

of the data. The end of the box shows the upper and lower
quartiles. The extreme lines shows the highest and lowest
value excluding outliers. Note that boxplot hide the number
of values existing behind the variable.
Plotting a boxplot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
value1 = [72,76,24,40,57,62,75,78,31,32]
box=plt.boxplot(value1,vert=1,patch_artist=True)
plt.show()

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

value1 = [72,76,24,40,57,62,75,78,31,32]
box=plt.boxplot(value1,vert=0,patch_artist=True)
plt.show()
 Changing colors of boxplot
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
value1 = [72,76,24,40,57,62,75,78,31,32]
box=plt.boxplot(value1,vert=1,patch_artist=True)

for patch in box['boxes']:

patch.set_facecolor('green')
patch.set_edgecolor('red')
plt.show()
More than one box plots