Engineering Mechanics

Nikko Mendoza Villarica

STUDENT
ENGR. Marvin D. Basea
INSTRUCTOR
 Engineering Mechanics
MECHANICS- is the science which tends of the effects of forces on the
form,motion and general behavior of matter weather gaseous liquid or solid .
STATICS- is the study of the effects of forces on bodies at rest or in a state of
uniform motion.
DYNAMICS-is the study of particles and bodies in motion.
FORCE-is commonly considered as push or pull exerted by one body on
another.
FREE BODY DIAGRAM(FBD)-shows the body or a particular part of its isolated
or separated from physical contact with any other body or other parts of the
same body. It enables the analyst to visualize the forces acting on the body
under consideration
SCALARS-are quantities which possess magnitude only and can be added
arithmetically
VECTORS-are quantities which possess direction as well as magnitude, such
quantities can be combined by geometric addition only.
 COPLANAR,CONCURRENT FORCE
SYSTEM
RESULTANT-of a system of forces is the minimum system of forces which will
produce the same effect as the original system.
EQUILIBRANT-of a system of forces has the same magnitude as the resultant
of the system but is of opposite sense.
COMPONENTS-of a force are the two or more forces which acting together
will produce the same effects as the original force.
 RESULTANT OF TWO FORCES
EXAMPLE:
For the system of forces shown below,determine
the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
y
P1=5N

45*

20*
P2=8N
 SOL’N
a)BY PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
A
P1

45* 20*
45*
R B
O

20*

P2 C
 CONSIDER OAB
BY COSINE LAW
R= (5)²+(8)²-2(5)(8)COS65*
R=7.43N
BY SINE LAW 65*
SIN θ/8N=SIN 65*/7.43N P1=5N P2=8N
θ =Arc Sin(Sin65*(8)/7.43n) =77.38* θ
θx=45*+77.38*-90*
=32.38* R
R=7.43N, θx=32.38* below the x-axis
b.)By Components
ΣRx=P1x+P2x
=sin45*(5)+sin20*(8)
=6.27N ΣRx
ΣRy=P1y-P2y θx
=cos45*(5)-cos20*(8) R Ry

=-3.98N
R= (6.27)²+(-3.98)²
R=7.43N
θx=arctan(Ry/Rx)
=arctan(3.98/6.27)
θx=32.4*
Rx=7.43N pointing downward, θ x=32.4 below the
x-axis
Resultant of three or more concurrent
forces

Problem 013
Three vectors A, B, and C are shown in the figure below. Find one vector (magnitude and direction)
that will have the same effect as the three vectors shown in Fig. P-013 below.
Rx=100cos37∘+100cos150∘+80cos233∘
Rx=−54.88 N
Rx=54.88 N to the left
Ry=100sin37∘+100sin150∘+80sin233∘
Ry=46.29 N
R=Rx2+Ry2−−−−−−−−√
R=54.882+46.292−−−−−−−−−−−−√
R=71.79 N
tanθx=Ry/Rx
tanθx=46.29/54.88
θx=40.15

θ=180∘−θx=180∘−40.15∘
θ=139.85∘
R=71.79 N at 139.85∘
Problem 011
Three ropes are tied to a small metal ring. At the end of each rope three students are pulling, each
trying to move the ring in their direction. If we look down from above, the forces and directions they
are applying are shown in Fig. P-011. Find the net force on the ring due to the three applied forces.
Rx=ΣFx
Rx=30cos37∘−50cos45∘−80cos60∘
Rx=−51.40 lb
Rx=51.40 lb to the left

Ry=ΣFy
Ry=30sin37∘+50sin45∘−80sin60∘
Ry=−15.87 lb
Ry=15.87 lb downward

R=Rx2+Ry2−−−−−−−−√
R=51.402+15.872−−−−−−−−−−−−√
R=53.79 lb

tanθx=RyRx=15.8751.40
θx=17.16
Two cables which have known tension are attached at point B. A third cable which is used as a guy wire is also
attached at point B. Determine the required tension in AB so that the resultant of the forces exerted by the
cables will be vertical

y
X B
5*
20*

4Kips

5kips 60’

80’
Draw the FBD of Particle B

1kip=1kilo pound=1000 pound

Rx=ΣFx
=cos5*(4)-cos25*(4)-4/5FAB
FAB=5/4[cos5*(4)+cos25*(5)]
FAB=10.65
y
R=Ry;Rx=0
B x
5*
4k 20* 3 5
5k 4 AB
 EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
When the resultant of all forces acting on as particle is
zero,the particle is in equilibrium
ΣFx=0
ΣFy=0
Problem 310
A 300-lb box is held at rest on a smooth plane by a force P inclined at an angle θ with the plane as
shown in Fig. P-310. If θ = 45°, determine the value of P and the normal pressure N exerted by the
plane.
ΣFx=0
Pcosθ=Wsin30∘
Pcos45∘=300sin30∘
P=212.13 lb answer

ΣFy=0
N=Psinθ+Wcos30∘
N=212.13sin45∘+300cos30∘
N=409.81 lb
FORCE IN SPACE
 Y
A E

Fy
B
F
θy
O θx Fx X

Fz θz

D C
Z
Condisder ( AB)
By P.T.
F²=OC²+Fy²1 Subst. 1 in 2
Consider FCO F²=(Fx²+Fz²)+Fy²
OC²=Fx²+Fz² 2 F²=Fx²+Fz²+Fy²

Relationship between force F and its components

Fx,Fy and Fz
Relationship between the force F and its y,x and z.
components with respect to the angles θx, θy and
θz that the force F makes with the ref. axes
cosθy=Fy/F; cosθx=Fx/F; cosθ=Fz/F
Fy=Fcosθy; Fx=Fcosθx; Fz=fcosθz
Fx=Fcosθx
Fy=Fcosθy
Fz=Fcosθz
Relationship between the angles from I
F²=Fx²+Fy²+Fz²
Subst.II
F²= (Fcosθx)²+(Fcosθy)²+(Fcosθz)²
F² F²
B. Force define by its magnitude and two points on its line of
action
y

dy

Fy d
m
dx x
F Fx
Fz

dz

z
Cosθy=Fy/F , Cosθy=dy/d
Cosθx=Fx/F , Cosθx=dx/d
Cosθz=Fz/F , Cosθz=dz/d
F/d=Fy/dy=Fx/dx=Fz/dz
d²=dx²+dy²+dz²
C. Addition of concurrent Forces in space
Σ=Fx=Rx; ΣFy=Ry; ΣFz=Rz
Cosθx=Rx/R; Cosθy=Ry/R; Cosθz=Rz/R
D.Equilibrium of a Particle in Space
ΣFx=0; ΣFy=0; ΣFz=0
 EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE IN SPACE
From the tripod shown below. Determine the values of x and z.
z
B

FBO=500N

FBC=400N O(0,-2,3) 3m

FBO=1KN 2m
3m
X
O
1m
C(2,-1,3) FBA=? Z
2m

Y X A(x,3,2)
Consider FBC:
dx=2 d= (2)²+(-1)²+(3)² =3.74m
dy=-1 Fx=Fdx/d=400(2)/3.74=213.90N
Dz=3 Fy=400(-1)/3.74=-106.95N
Fz=400(3)/3.74=320.86N
FBD:
dx=0 d= (0)²+(-2)²+(3)² =3.61m
dy=-2 Fx=500(0)/3.61=0
dz=3 Fy=500(-2)/3.61=-277.01N
Fz=500(3)/3.61=415.51N
FBD
dx=0 d=dz=3m
dy=0 Fx=0
dz=3 Fy=0
Fz=1000N
ΣFz=0+
320.86+415.51+1000+FBAz=0 to get,FBA
FBAZ=-1736.37N FBA= FABX²+FABY²+FABZ²
FBA FBA= (-213.90)²+(383.90)²+(1736.37)²
dx=-x; d=? FBA=1791.13N
dy=-z; FBA=?
dz=3 to get, d:
ΣFx=0+ FBA/FBAZ=d/dz; d=FBA(dz)/FBAZ
213.90+0+0+FBAX=0 =1791.13(3)/-1736.37
FBAX=-213.90N d=-3.09
Σfy=0+ x=213.90(3.09)/1791.13=0.37m
-106.95-277.01+0+FBAY=0 z=383.96(3.09)/1791.13=0.66m
FBAY=383.96N
In the proceeding problem use,
FBC=400N FBA=?
FBD=500N x=?
FBO=1000N z=?
FBC=400
dv=-2
dy=1 d=3.74m
dz=-3
Fx=-213.90N
Fy=106.95N
Fz=-320.86N
FBO=1000N FBD=500N d=3.61m
dx=0 dx=0 Fx=0
dy=0 dy=-2 Fy=-277.01N
dz=-3 Fz=-1000N dz=-3 Fz=-415.51N
ΣFx=0+
-213.90+0+0+FBAX=0
FBAX=213.90N
ΣFy=0+
106.95-277.01+0+FBAY=0
FBAY=170.06N
ΣFz=0+
-320.86-415.51-1000-FBAZ=0
FBA= (213.90)²+(170.06)²+(-1736.37)²
FBA=1757.74N
FBAZ/FBA=-3/d; d=-3(1757.74)/-1757.37 =3.04m
FBAX/FBA=x/d x=213.90(3.04)/1757.74 =0.37m
FBAY/FBA=z/d z=170.06(3.04)/1757.74 =0.29m
 Moment of a force about any axis
Moment is the measure of the capacity or ability of the force to produce twisting or turning effect
about an axis. This axis is perpendicular to the plane containing the line of action of the force. The
magnitude of moment is equal to the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the axis
to the line of action of the force. The intersection of the plane and the axis is commonly called the
moment center, and the perpendicular distance from the moment center to the line of action of the
force is called moment arm.

From the figure above, O is the moment

center and d is the moment arm. The moment M of force F about point O is equal to the product of F
and d.
M=Fd
Where
Mo-moment of the force F about O in N-m,lb-ft
F-force applied N,lb
d-moment arm, m,ft
O-moment center

VARIGNON’S THEOREM
The moment of the force about any axis is equal to the sum of the moments of
its components about that axis. Fy F
F

Fx
A y
O
O
d x
Example:
A 100lb vertical force is applied to the end of the level which is attached to a shaft at
O. Determine
a. The moment of the 100lb force about O
b. The magnitude of the horizontal force applied at A which will create the same
movement about O.
c. The smallest force applied at A which will create the same moment about O
d. How far from the shaft a 240lb vertical force must act to create the same moment
about O

L=24’ F

60*
O
A
d=cos60*(24’)
L=24’ F=100lb =12’
Mo =Fd
60* =100(12’)
o =1200lb-ft
d
B
d=Mo/240=120lb-ft/240lb
d=5ft
z z=5/cos60*=10ft
240lb
60*
o d
Mo=1200
C

L=24’ F Mo= Fd
d=sin60*(24’)=20.78’
Mo=1200lb-ft d F=Mo/d=1200lb-ft/2078lb
60* F57.75lb

D
d=24’
F F=Mo/d=1200lb-ft/24ft=50lb

60*
o
Mo=1200lb-ft
Compute the moment of the 100lb force about A
a. By using the definition of moment
b. Using VARIGNON’s Theorem
12’
12’-x

E 5’
d
A 30* D C

5’

x B Fx
60*

Fy F=100lb
 ADE
E d=sin30*(3.34’)
d d=1.67’
30*
A D
3.34’
MA =fd=100lb(1.67’)=167lb-ft
B . MA =Fy(x)+Fx(y)
Fy=cos60*(100)=50lb; x=12’
Fx=sin60*(100)=86.60lb; y=5’
MA =(50’)12-86.60(5’)
=167lb-ft
 Moment of a Couple
Two forces having the same magnitude,parallel line of action and opposite
sense are said to form a couple.

M=Fd
A 300N

300mm M=Fd
M=300(400)
=120,000 N-mm

400mm 300N

B F
300mm M=Fd
120,000=F(300)
F F=400N

400mm
C

300mm F M=Fd θ=arc tan(4/3)

F 120,000=F(240) =53.13*
d F=500N d=sin53.13*(300)
d=240mm
400mm

D F d= (300)²+(400)²
d=500mm
300mm d M=Fd
120,000=F(500)
F=240N

400mm
Example
A 50lb force is applied to a corner plate as shown. Determine the equivqlent
or resultant force couple system at A
A

5’

10’ 30*
F=50lb
a.) By the principle of moment of a force
+MA=50(8.66*)=433.01lb-ft
d=sin60*(10’)
d=8.66
P
A
MA
5’
d

10’ F=50lb
F
b.) By VARIGNON’s Theorem
Fy=50cos30*=43.30
Fx=50sin30*=25
Mo=Fy(10*)
=433.01 lb-ft

MA A Fx
F
Fy

o Fx
Mo Fy
RESULTANT OF A PARALLEL FORCES

Coplanar Parallel Force System

Parallel forces can be in the same or in opposite directions. The sign of the direction can be chosen
arbitrarily, meaning, taking one direction as positive makes the opposite direction negative. The
complete definition of the resultant is according to its magnitude, direction, and line of action.

R=ΣF=F1+F2+F3+..,
Rd=ΣFx=F1x1+F2x2+F3x3+...
Problem 236
A parallel force system acts on the lever shown in Fig. P-236. Determine the magnitude and position
of the resultant.
R=ΣF
R=30+60−20+40
R=110 lb downward

MA=ΣxF
MA=2(30)+5(60)−7(20)+11(40)
MA=660 ft⋅lb clockwise

Rd=MA
110d=660
d=6 ft to the right of A
 EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
A rigid body is said to be in equilibrium when the forces acting on it form a
system of forces equivalent to zero or a system which has no resultant force and no
resultant couple
ΣFh=0
ΣFv=0
ΣM=0
Example:
The cylinders in the figure has indicated weight and dimensions. Assuming
smooth contact surfaces, determine the reaction at A,B,C, and D on the cylinders.

2’ 400lb 2.6’ 1’

D RD
2’
C 3’ 1’
Sol’n By P.T.
y y= (3²)-(2.6²)
RA
A y=1.5
2.6’

B
5.6

RB
CONSIDER BIG CYLINDER:
400LB ΣFV=0+
RB=400lb

2’

RA

RB
CONSIDER THE WHOLE FIGURE AS FBD
ΣFV=0+ ΣMD=0+
RB-400-200=0 -RB(3.6)+RA(1.5)+400(3.6)+200(1)=0
RB=600lb RA=600(3.6)-400(3.6)-200(1) RA=346.67lb
ΣMA=0+
RD(1.5)-300?(4.6)+RB(2)-400(2)=0
RD=300(4.6)-600(2)+400(2)/1.5 RD=346.67lb
CONSIDER THE SMALL CYLINDER:
y 200lb

x RD=367.67lb
3
1.5
2.6
RC
ΣFV=0+
15/3.0 RC-200=0
RC=200(3)/1.5
RC=400lb
PROBLEM
For the beam shown below. determine the reactions at the supports.

20’

Tb=45KN 8KN/m

D
C RDH
A B
RAH RDV=30KN
3m 1.5m 2.5m 2.5m
RAV=15KN
r>3(statically in determinate structures)
CONSIDER MEMBER CD
20KN
8KN/m

RDH
C D
2.5m 2.5m
RC RD
ΣMC=0
RDV(5)-20(2.5)-8(5)(2.5)=0
RDV=20(2.5)+8.5)(2.5)/5
RDV=30KN
ΣFV=0+
RC+30-20-8(5)=0
RC=20+8(15)-30
RC=30KN
ΣFH=0+
RDH=0
CONSIDER MEMBER AC

TB RC=30KN
A B

RAH C

RAV 3m 1.5m
ΣMA=0+ ΣFv=0+
-RC(4.5)+TB(3)=0 RAV+TB-RC=0
TB30(?4.5)/3 RAV=30-45
TB=45KN(Tension) RAV=-15KN
RAV=15KN
ΣFH=0+
RAH=0
PROBLEM
For the fink truss shown below, Determine the reactions at the supports.

500lb
1000lb

P1 1000lb
10’

1000lb
500lb y

A θ B
RAV 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’ 8’
x
20’
RAV
2000lb 2000lb 2000lb 2000lb RB
θ=arc tan(1/2)=26.57*
ΣMA=0+
RB(40’)-P2(20’)-P1(cos20’)=0
17.89 y
26.57* y=16’
x=8’
x
Where;
P1=4000lb
P2=8000lb
RB=8000(20) + 4000 (cos26.57’)(20’)/40’
RB=5,788.78lb
ΣMB=0+
-RAV (40’) +P2 (20’) + P1V(40-x)- P1H(y)=0
P1V=cos26.57’ (4000) =3577.55lb
P1H=sin26.57’ (4000) =1789.16lb
RAV=8000(20)+3577.55(24)-1789.16(8)/40’
RAV=5788.78lb
PROBLEM:
For the given below, solve the reaction at the supports.

9KN/m

12KN/m
3KN/m

1m C 6m D 5m

RAH B
8KN/m

RAV RB
ΣMA=0+

RB(6) -3(7)(2.5) -9(6) (2 6) – 8(5) (1 5)=0

2 3 3 3
RB=3(7)(2.5)+ 9(6) (12) + 8(5) (5)
2 (3) 2 (3)
6
RB=32.31kN

ΣMB=0+
-RAV(6)+ 9(6) (6) + 3(7) (3.5) – 8(5) (5) =0
3 (3) 2 (3)
RAV=9(6) (6) + 3(7) (3.5) –8(5) (5)
2 (3) 2 (3)
6
RAV=15.69kN
ΣFV=0+
RAV + RB-3(7)-(9(6)/2)=0 RAV+RB=48
 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
I.TRUSS
A truss is one of the major type of Engineering structures it provides
both practical Economical solution of Engineering situatuions especially in the
design of brigdes and buildings.
A truss is a structure composed of combination of members such as
chords , diagonal and web members usually in triangular arrangement so as
to constitute a rigid frame work.
 TYPICAL ROOF TRUSSES
HOME TRUSS

FINK TRUSS
PRATT TRUSS

SCISSORS
 TYPICAL BRIDGE TRUSS
PRATT TRUSS

HOWE TRUSS
WARREN TRUSS

K-TRUSS
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
A. Algebraic Method of joints.
B. B. Algebraic Method of sections
C. Graphical Method (Maxwell Diagram)

A. Algebraic Method of joints

1. Determine the external reactions by considering the whole structure as free body.
2. Consider a joint where there will be two unknown bar forces.
3. Solve for these unknowns, using the two equations of equilibrium, ΣFx=0 and
ΣFy=0.
4. After solving for the unknowns of the first joint, proceed to the next joint with two
unknowns , then solve the unknowns, repeat this process until all the members of
the truss are solve.
B. Algebraic Method of sections
1. Determine the external reactions.
2. Consider three bar forces that are non-concurrent and non-parallel
3. Pass a cutting plane to these assume the directions of these forces.
4. Determine the unknown forces using the three equations of equilibrium ΣM=0
ΣFH=0 and ΣFV=0 by considering either side of the section as free body.
EXAMPLE:
For the truss loaded as shown. Determine the kind and amount of force for
members BC,BE and FE using:
a. Method of joints
b. Method of sections
C
B

400lb 15’
10’
A F E D
RAH
15’ 15’ 20’

RAV 1400lb 400lb RD

ΣMA=0+
RD(50’)-1400(15’)-400(30’)-400(10’)=0
RD=(1400(15’)+400(30’)+400(10’))/50
RD=740lb
ΣFV=0+
RAV+RD-1400-400=0
RAV=1400+400-740
RAV=1060lb
ΣFH=0+
RAH=400lb
A. METHOD OF JOINTS 3.61 FAB
2
At joint A: A 3
ΣFv=0+ 400lb FAF
1060-(2/3.61)-FAB=0
FAB=(1060)(3.61)/2
FAB=1910.94lb(C) 1060lb
ΣFH=0+
FAF-400-(3/3.61)(1910.94)=0 FFB
FAF=1089.99lb(T)
At joint F F
ΣFv=0+ FFA=1989.99 FFE
FFB=1400lb(T)
ΣFH=0+ 1400lb
FFE=1989.99(T) 3.16 FBC
1
At joint B 3
ΣFH=0+
400+(3/3.61)(1910.94)-(3/3.16)FBC-(3/3.61)FBE=0
ΣFV=0+
-1400+(2/3.61)(1910.94)+(3/3.61)FBE-(1/3.16)FBC=0
Equate 1 and 2
3/3.16FBC+3/3.61FBE-1984.998=0
-1/3.16FBC+3/3.61FBE-340.001=0
FBC=1756.82lb(C)
FBCH
FBE=388.60lb(C)
B.)Method of sections
Consider section three C
FBCV
3.16 1
400lb B
3
FBE 15’
2
10’ 3
400lb F E
A FFE
1000lb 1400lb
ΣME=0+
1400(15’)-1060(30’)-400(10’)+3/3.16FBC(15’)=0
FBC=[1060(30)’+400(10’)-1400(15’)]3.16
45’lb

ΣFv=0+
2/3.61FBE+1060-1400-1/3.16(1040.04)=0
FBE=1205.86lb
FRAMES:
Frames are structure containing multi-forces members. These are design to
support loads and are usually stationary fully constrained structures.

Analysis of frame:
1. Determine the external forces acting on the frame by considering the entire frame
as free body.
2. In order to determine the frames internal forces, we need to dis member the
frame and draw the FBD of each component part.
3. Determine which members are two force members or three force members.
4. Solve for the internal members by considering each part as FBD, us the equation
of equilibrium, ΣFh=0; ΣFv=0; ΣM=0.
 D E
F
C

W
B

D E
C F

B W

RAH A

RAV
FBD of the whole Structure

C E F D

Cx TD
C Cx
Cy FBE W
Cy FBE
Member CEF
B

Member ABCD
A
RAH

RAV

Member BE
EXAMPLE:
Determine the components of the forces acting on each member of the
frame shown.
3.6m
A

2.7m 240KN
C
B D

2.7m

E F
REH

REV 4.8m RF
 + ΣME=0 ΣFh=0+
RF(4.8)-2400(3.6)=0 REH=0
RF=1800N
ΣFv=0+
2400-REV-1800=0
REV=600N
Consider member BCD:

B 3.6m
CH C
BH D
2.4m

BV CV

ΣFv=0+ ΣMB=0+ ΣFh=0+

Bv=2400-3600 Cv=(2.4)-2400(3.6)=0 BH=CH
Bv=-1200N CV=2400(3.6)/2.4
Bv=1200N( ) Cv=3600N( )
Consider member ACF:
ΣFv=0 ↑ Cv
A
Av=Cv-1800 AH
Av=1800N ↑
ΣFh=0→ Av CH
AH=CH 5.4m
F
4.8m
Av=1800N 1800

Consider member ABE: AH

ΣFv=0 ↑
600+1200=1800
B BH
1800=1800
ΣFh=0→ Bv=1200N
REH=0
REH+BH=AH
E
0=0
REV=600N
2.)

H
G E

30* 3’ 3’ 30*
RAH
A 6’ B 6’ C 6’ D

RAV 300lb 300lb RD

ΣMD=0
RAV(18’)-300(6’)-300(12)=0 H=tan30(9’) ΣFh=0
RAV=300lb H=5.2’
ΣFv=0 𝜃=arc tan(5.2’/3’)
RD=300lb 𝜃 =60*
x=sin30*(6’)
X=3.0’
RAH=0

FCF Fy E

60* 30*
C 6’ D Fx
Fx 3’ Fy
FBC
ΣMF=0 300lb RD=300lb
FBC(5.2)+300(3)-300(9)=0
FCB=300(9)-300(3)/5.2 ΣMD=0
FBC=346.15lb(T) sin(6)FCF(6)-300(6)=0
Σ<MC=0 FCF=349.41lb(T)
Sin(30)FEF(6)-300(6)=0
FEF=300(6)/sin(30)(6) =600lb(C)
CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY
For a rigid body, the location of centroid can be
obtained by applying moment of areas:

A1 A2 A3

X1

X2

X3
Where:
Ax=A1x1+A2x2+A3x3
A1,A2,A3-differential areas
x=ΣAx/A W1,W2,W3-differential weights
Ay=A1y1+A2y2+A3y3 ΣA=A1+A2+A3
y=ΣAy/A ΣW=W1+W2+W3
 y
X W

y 3 y2 y1
y y4

X1
X2

X3
X4

WX=W1X1+W2X2+W3X3+W4X4 WY=W1Y1+W2Y2+W3Y3+W4Y4
X=ΣWX/W (from the y-axis) y=ΣWY/W (from the x-axis)
CENTROIDS OF GEOMETRIC FIGURES
Rectangle Area and Centroid

A=bd
x¯=12b
y¯=12d
Triangle Area and Centroid

A=12bh
y¯=13h
Circle Area and Centroid

A=πr2
x¯=0
y¯=0
Semicircle Area and Centroid

A=12πr2
x¯=0
y¯=4r3π
Semicircular Arc Length and Centroid

L=12πr2
x¯=2rπ
y¯=0
Sector of a Circle Area and Centroid

A=r2θrad
x¯=2rsinθ3θrad
y¯=0

Circular Arc Length and Centroid

L=2rθrad
x¯=rsinθθrad
y¯=0
 Ellipse Area and Centroid

A=πab
x¯=0
y¯=0

Half Ellipse Area and Centroid

A=12πab
x¯=0
y¯=4b3π
 Quarter Ellipse Area and Centroid

A=14πab
x¯=4a3π
y¯=4b3π

Parabolic Segment Area and Centroid

A=23bh
x¯=38b
y¯=25h
Spandrel Area and Centroid

A=1n+1bh
x¯=1n+2b
y¯=n+14n+2h
EXAMPLE:
Determine the centroid of the following Plane areas.
y
1.)
A1
X1 40cm

10cm 30cm
y’
A2 A3 Typ
X3 Y2
10cm
Y3
X
X2

Ay=A1y1+A2y2+A3y3 A=400+200+50
y=ΣAy/A A=650cm²
A1=10(40)=400cm²; A2= ½(40)(10)=200cm² ;A3=½(10)(10)=50cm²
y1=30cm ; y2=²/3(10)=20/3 ; y3=²/3(10)=20/3
y= 400(30)+400(20/3)+50(20/3) ÷650
y=21.03cm(from the x-axis)
Ax=A1X1+A2X2+A3X3 x= 400(15)+200(400/3+10)+50(20/3) ÷650
X=Σax/A x=16.92cm (from the y-axis)
X1=15cm
X2=¹/3(40)+10
X3=²/3(10)
2.) y Parabolic Compliment

2*
50mm x1 A1

y1
x2 500mm
400mm
A2 y2
x3

y3 A3

200mm 300mm
A1=²/3(200)(50)=6,666.67mm² A2=400(200)=80,000mm²
x1=100mm x2=100mm
y1=²/3(50)+400=420mm y2=200mm
A3=¹/3(300)(400)=60000²
X3=300mm
Y3=400/3 mm
AT=146,666.67mm²
Y= 6,666.67(420)+80,000(200)+60,000(400/3) ÷146,666.67
Y=182.73mm (from the x-axis)
X= 6,666.67(100)+80,000(100)+60,000(300) ÷146,666.67
X=181.82mm (from the y-axis)
3.)

QUARTER CIRCLE

r/2 semi circle

A2 A1

r/2
A1=𝜋𝑟 2 /4 ;X1=4r/3𝜋 ;Y1=4r/3𝜋
A2=𝜋𝑟 2 /8 ;X2=2r/3𝜋 ;y2=r/2
AT=A1-A2
AT=(𝜋𝑟 2 /4)-(𝜋𝑟 2 /8)= 𝜋𝑟 2 /8
𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑟 𝜋𝑟 2 2𝑟
X= ( )( ) − ( ) ÷ (𝜋𝑟 2 /8)
4 3𝜋 8 3𝜋
X=r2r/𝜋
𝜋𝑟 2 4𝑟 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑟
Y= ( )( ) − ( )( ) ÷ 𝜋𝑟 2 /8
4 3𝜋 8 2
𝑟(16−3𝜋)
Y=
6𝜋
 MOMENT OF INERTIA
Moment of Inertia
Moment of inertia, also called the second moment of area, is the product of
area and the square of its moment arm about a reference axis.

y
x
I= න 𝑝²𝑑𝐴

Ix=න 𝑦²𝑑𝐴
y
x
Iy=න 𝑥²𝑑𝐴
RADIUS OF GYRATION
Radius of gyration is used to described another mathematical formula appears mostly in
the column formulas. Radius of gyration is usually designated by the symbol K and is
defined by :

I= න 𝑝²𝑑𝐴
K= 𝐼/𝐴
I=න 𝑘²𝑑𝐴

I=k²‫𝐴𝑑 ׬‬
I=k²A

POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA

The moment of inertia for an relative to a line or an axis perpendicular to the plane of the
area called the polar moment of inertia it is usually denoted by the symbol ǰ.
I=‫𝑝 ׬‬²𝑑𝐴
ǰ=‫𝑟 ׬‬²𝑑𝐴
ǰ=‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
ǰ=‫𝑥 ׬‬²𝑑𝐴 + ‫𝑦 ׬‬²𝑑𝐴
ǰ=Iy+Ix
 MOMENT OF INERTIA OF COMMON
GEOMETRIC SHAPES
Moment of Inertia of Common Shapes
Shape Moment of Inertia Radius of Gyration
Rectangle

I¯x=bh312 k¯x=h12−−√
Ix=bh33 kx=h3√

Triangle

I¯x=bh336 k¯x=h18−−√
Ix=bh312 kx=h6√
 Circle

I¯x=πr44 k¯x=r2
J¯=πr42 k¯z=r2√

Semicircle

Ix=I¯y=πr48 kx=k¯y=r2
I¯x=0.11r4 k¯x=0.264r

Quarter circle

Ix=Iy=πr416 kx=ky=r2
I¯x=I¯y=0.055r4 k¯x=k¯y=0.264r

Ellipse

I¯x=πab34 k¯x=b2
I¯y=πa3b4 k¯y=a2
 TRANSFER FORMULA FOR MOMENT
OF INERTIA
Moment of inertia about the x-axis:

Ix=∫y2dA
Moment of inertia about the y-axis:

Iy=∫x2dA
Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia

I=I¯+Ad2

Where
x′ = centroidal axis
x = any axis parallel to the centroidal axis
I = moment of inertia about the x-axis
I¯ = centroidal moment of inertia
A = area of the section
d = distance between x and x’
 PRODUCT OF INERTIA
Ixy=Ix’y’+Axy
300mm y

A1

300mm
250mm A2 200mm
A3

A1: 300mm
Ixy=0+300(100)(-150)(250)=-1.125x10^9mm^4
A2
Ixy=0+200(100)(-50)(100)=-100x10^6mm^4
A3 :
Lxy=0+200(100)(100)(50)=100x10^6mm^4
Ixy=Ixy1+Ixy2+Ixy3
Ixy=-1.125x10^9mm^4
PROBLEM:
From the following figure determine the moment of inertia with respect to
the given axis.
12”

2” 1

2 d1=8”
14” x

2”

2” 3

y’
A1:
(12)(2)³ 2(12)³
Ix1= + 12(2)(8)² Iy1=
12 12
=1544in^4 =288in^4
A2:
2(14)³ 14(2)³
Ix2= Iy2=
12 12
=457.33in^4 =9.33in^4
A3=A1=1544in^4 Iy1=Iy3=288in^4
Ix’=Ix1+Ix2+Ix3 Iy’=Iy1+Iy2+Iy3
=3545.33in^4 =585.33in^4
 Properties of standard structure steel shapes
1.) Wide Flange: y’
d=total depth
tw=thickness of web
d x tf=thickness of flange
tw bf=width of flange
tf
bf
2.) Channel section:
y’
tf

d x’
tw

x
3.)Angle Bar

Ly y’
x’
y

X
Lx
PROBLEM:
Two 10in channel are welded together as shown. Compute the value of Ix’ for
the arrangement. Each channel web is 0.24in in thick, Properties of the channel 10in
x15.13lb. 10” y’

Ix=66.9in^4 0.24” 1
0.64”
Iy=2.3in^4
2
X=0.64in 10” d1
A=4.47in^4 C.G x’
d=10in y2 y y1
Ay=ΣAy
X2=0.64”
x
𝐴1𝑦1+𝐴2𝑦2
y= :A1=4.47in^4 A2=4.47in^4
𝐴
y1=10.24”-0.64” y2=5in
y1=9.6”
4.47 9.6 +4.47(5)
y=
4.47(2)
=7.43in (from the bottom
Ax=Σax
4.47 5 +4.47(4.36)
X=
2(4.47)
=4.68”
A1:
Ix1=2.30+4.47(9.6-7.3)²
=25.95in^4
A2:
Ix2=66.9+4.47(7.3)²
=90.55in^4
Therefore: Ix’=ix1+Ix2
=116.50in^4
PROBLEM:
A steel beam section is formed by welding a W310 shape beam directly above
a W250 shape beam Determine the value of I’x.
W310

PROPERTIES OF W310:
d=317mm
317
A=6670mm²
Ix=118x10^6 mm^4
PROPERTIES OF W250:
d=258mm
A=4170mm²
Ix=48.9x10^6mm^4
258

W250