Chapter 1 Ceng212 PDF

Bahir Dar University Faculty of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
CHAPTER 1
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES: SLOPE-DEFLECTION

METHOD
INTRODUCTION
In the force (or compatibility) group of methods of structural analysis, such as the method of
consistent displacements and the method of least work, the unknowns are forces. By comparison,
in the slope-deflection method (which is one of the classical formulations of the displacement
group of methods) the unknowns are displacements. In this method, the moments at the ends of a
member are expressed in terms of the displacements of these ends. The said member- end
moments are made up of the following components:
 the end moments due to external loads on the member with the member ends
assumed fixed, and
 the end moments caused by the actual member-end displacements (rotations and
translations).
This method takes into account only the bending deformations of structures, and
consequently, is used to analyze indeterminate structures, made up of moment-resisting members
such as continuous beams and rigid-jointed frames’.
In using the slope-deflection method, a slope-deflection equation is written for every member
of the given structure, expressing the end moments in terms of the member-end displacements.
Next, joint equilibrium equation is written for every joint capable of undergoing rotation. The
expressions on the right hand sides of the slope-deflection equations are then substituted into the
joint equilibrium equations. The resulting equations are solved for the joint rotations. Finally, the
values of the joint rotations are back-substituted into the slope-deflection equations to yield the
required values of the member-end moments.
Although the slope-deflection method is by itself an important method for the analysis of
indeterminate beams and frames, a good understanding of its basic principles provides a very
useful introduction to the matrix stiffness method of analysis, a method which forms the bedrock
of most computer software currently used for structural analysis.
The slope-deflection method uses algebraic procedure and it is therefore important to adopt a
sign convention for the forces and displacements.
SIGN CONVENTION
 Moment is considered positive if it acts counterclockwise at the end of a member
or clockwise at a joint adjacent to a member. This is illustrated in Fig.1.1.
 End rotation  is positive if it is counterclockwise in direction.
 A chord rotation  is positive if it is counterclockwise in direction.
-
+
Fig.1.1 Sign Convention for end moments
Note
1
Lecture Notes: Theory of Structures: Arum, C.
All end moments, end rotations and chord rotations shown in Fig.1.2(b) are positive by the
above sign convention.
DERIVATION OF THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

When load is applied to a continuous beam or a rigid-jointed frame, moments are induced at
the ends of the members. The slope-deflection equation expresses the relationship between the
moments at the end of a member and the displacements of the member ends as well as the
external loads applied to the member.
To develop this relationship, let us consider a typical member AB (of constant flexural
rigidity EI) of a rigid-jointed structure shown in Fig.1.2(a). Under the applied load let the end
moments developed and the deformed shape of the structure be as shown in Fig.1.2(b).
Deformed axis of member AB MBA

(OR Elastic curve)
B
 B

A B
L
MAB A 
A Chord
(a) (b)
L EI = Const
Fig.1.2 Member-end displacements: (a) Typical member of a rigid-jointed frame

(b) Assumed displacement pattern of member AB
The notations in Fig.1.2(b) have the following meanings:

MAB = moment at end A of member AB;
MBA = moment at end B of member AB;
A, B = respective rotations of ends A and B of the member with reference to the un-
deformed (horizontal) axis of the member;
 = relative translation between the two ends of the member in the direction perpendicular to
the un-deformed axis of the member;
 = rotation of the member's chord (i.e., the straight line connecting the member's ends after
deformation) due to the relative translation . the deformations are small and hence

=
L
EXPRESSIONS FOR MEMBER MOMENTS
2
To derive expression for member moments in terms of the external load and the deformations,
we proceed by considering their effects on the moment one at a time. we shall use moment-area
method for the determination of the expressions for displacements.
1.End moments due to rotation A (B =  = P = 0).
In Fig.1.3(a) represents a member AB for which there is no rotation at end B (fixed end), no
relative translations of the ends (the chord joining the two ends of the member after deformation
remains horizontal) and there is no external load (P = 0).
MBA
MAB A
A
B
L
(a) M BA
EI
M AB
EI
(b)
Fig.1.3: (a) Member AB with the applied displacement and induced end moments;
(b) M/EI diagram for the end moments
According to the second moment-area theorem, the tangential deviation of a point A on the
elastic curve from the tangent at another point B on the elastic curve, measured in the direction
perpendicular to the originally straight member, is equal to the moment of the area of the M/EI
diagram between A and B taken about A.
Referring to Fig.1.3(b) and using the above theorem, the distance between A and a tangent
drawn at B (this distance is zero since a tangent drawn at B is a horizontal line that coincides
with the un-deformed axis of the beam due to the fact that the slope at B is zero) is equal to the
area of the M/EI diagram between A and B taken about A. Thus:
M AB L M 2L
L   BA L  0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
M AB
From here, M AB  (1.1)
2
According to the first moment-area theorem, the angle in radians or the change in slope
between the tangents at two points A and B on the elastic curve of an originally straight member
is equal to the area of the M/EI diagram between points A and B. Hence,
3
[Note that  A   B   A since  B  0 ]

M AB L M BA L
A  
2 EI 2 EI
Taking cognisance of eqn (1.1), the above expression reduces to:
4 EI A 2 EI A
M AB  , M BA  (1.2)
L L
2. End moments due to rotation B (A =  = P = 0)
Fig.1.4 represents a member that satisfies the above conditions.
MAB MBA
B
A B
Fig.1.4 Given member with applied displacement and induced end moments
Analogous to Case1 (Fig.1.3),
4 EI B 2 EI B
M BA  , M AB  (1.3)
L L
2b. Modified or adjusted end-moments for member with far end hinged
Consider the beam shown in Fig.1.4b which has a hinged far end. The relationship between the
applied moment MAB and the rotation A can be obtained by using the moment-area method (as
was used for the case of member with far end fixed: Fig.1.4 above).
4
Tangent at A
MBA = 0 BA
MAB
A
A B
EI=Const.
L
(i)
M/EI
(ii)
Fig.1.4b: (i) Member with far end hinged, (ii) M/EI diagram for the end moment
From Fig.1.4b (i), it is clear that

 BA
A 
L
According to the second moment area theorem,
BA = moment of M/EI diagram between A and B taken about B.
1 M 2 L L2 M
  BA   L 
2 EI 3 3EI
 BA LM
But  A  
L 3EI
3EI
M  A (1.3b)
L
Eqn (1.3b) represents the modified or adjusted end moment at A due to rotation A when the far
end of the member is hinged.
3. End moments due to a relative joint displacement  (A = B = P = 0)
A member with a relative joint displacement but no joint rotations is shown in Fig.1.5.
From the first moment-area theorem, the change in slope between A and B (referring to Fig.1.5
(a) this change in slope is zero since there is no angular rotation at either of the ends) is equal to
the area of the M/EI diagram between A and B.
5
A B

MAB AB
MBA
(a) L
MBA/EI
MAB/EI
(b)
Fig.1.5: (a) Member with joint displacement, (b) M/EI diagram for the end moments
Thus:
M BA L M AB L
 0
2 EI 2 EI
OR MBA = MAB (1.4)
Applying the second moment-area theorem, the distance between B and A , measured vertically
from the tangent drawn at A is equal to the moment of the area of the M/EI diagram, taken about
B.
Hence
M L L M L 2L
(  AB )  BA   AB 
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
Combining the above expression with eqn (1.4), we obtain:
6 EI
M AB  M BA   (1.5)
L2
Note: Various member-end moments caused by end-displacements in a prismatic member are

presented in Table 1.1 for convenient reference.
6
4a End moments due to external loads acting on the member (A = B = = 0)
The fixed-end beam of Fig.1.6 represents this situation. Since the ends of the member are fixed
against rotation and translation, the member end moments are known as fixed-end moments
(FEM). They develop only as a result of the external loads. The fixed-end moments may be
obtained using the method of consistent displacements and moment-area theorems, or indeed any
convenient method of analysis of indeterminate structures. For ease of reference, fixed-end
moments for some common loading cases are usually given as appendix in standard text books.
For this purpose, Table 1.2 is provided for your use. The fixed-end moments in Table 1.2 are
expressed with regard to our adopted sign convention.
P P
FEMAB
w FEMBA
B
A
Fig.1.6 Fixed-end moments due to external loads
SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION
To obtain the total end moment of a member AB, it is necessary to sum up the various end
moments due to external (FEMs) and those due to rotations and translations. This will be
achieved by combining eqns (1.2), (1.3), (1.5) and the fixed-end moments (FEMs).
Hence:
2 EI 3
M AB  (2 A   B  )  FEM AB (1.6a)
L L
2 EI 3
M BA  (2 B   A  )  FEM BA (1.6b)
L L
A close look at eqns (1.6) reveals that the two equations have the same form and that one can be
obtained from the other by swarping the subscripts A and B. Consequently, they can be
combined into one equation as follows:
M nf 
2 EI
2n   f  3   FEM nf (1.7)
L
Eqn (1.7) is known as the slope-deflection equation. The subscript "n" refers to the near end of
the member where the moment Mnf acts while the subscript "f" refers to the far (or other) end of
the member.

  , where  is the relative translation of the supports.
L
7
MODIFIED SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

Where the far end of a member is hinged, it is sometimes convenient to obtain the end moments
using the modified slope deflection equation, which is as follows:
M rh 
3EI
r     FEM rh  FEM hr 
L  2 
M hr 0 (1.7a)
where the subscript "r" refers to the rigidly connected end of the member where the moment Mrh
is applied, and the subscript "h" refers to the hinged end of the member. Obviously, moment at
the far hinged end Mhr = 0 since a hinge cannot support moment.
Table1.1 End-moments due to end-displacements in a prismatic member
8
S/N Type of displacement End moments
MAB MBA
1 MAB A A B
MBA 4 EI A 2 EI A
L L
2 EI B 4 EI B
2 A B L L
B
L
MBA
3 MAB
A B 3EI A
0
L
A B
4
 6 EI 6 EI
L2 L2
L
MAB MAB
A
5 A 3EI
0
 L2
B
L
9
10
S/N Type of loading Fixed-end moments (FEM)
FEMAB FEMBA
P
1 A L/2 B PL PL
 
8 8
P
2 A B Pab 2 Pa 2b
 
L2 L2
L
Table 1.2 Fixed-end moments (FEM) due to applied loads

w
3
wL2 wL2
A B  
12 12
w
4 A B
11 5
 wL2  wL2
192 192
FEM AB 
wa 2
12 L2
6 L2  8aL  311
a2 
Lecture Notes: Theorywof Structures: Arum, C.
5
A B
wa3
12
S/N Type of loading Fixed-end moments (FEM)
FEMAB FEMBA
wo
6 A B 5 5
 wo L2  wo L2
96 96
L/2 L/2
7 wo L2 wo L2
A B  
30 20
L
wo
8
7 23
A B  wo L2  wo L2
960 960
L/2 L/2
A
9 wo L2
B 0 
15
wo
13
wo
a b
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS
In the analysis of continuous beams, slope-deflection equations are written for each span in terms
of the unknown displacements. The unknown displacements are the rotations of members over
supports (n and f in eqn (1.7)) and support translations (represented by  in eqn (1.7)) when a
support undergoes translation. After writing slope-deflection equations for the spans, joint
equilibrium equation is written for each of the supports that is free to rotate. A set of
simultaneous equations result if more than one joint can rotate. However, if only one joint can
rotate only one equation with one unknown joint rotation results. The resulting equation(s)
is(are) solved for the displacement(s). The values or expressions for the displacements are then
back-substituted into the slope-deflection equations, which are then solved to give member-end
moments. The above procedure is illustrated in the following example.
Example 1.1
Determine the member-end moments of the continuous beam ABC, fixed at ends A and C and
continuous over support B as shown in Fig.1.7a.
P = 60kN
w = 18kN/m
MBA MBC
A C
3m
B
LAB = 4m LBC = 6m B
EI = Const (b)
(a)
Fig.1.7 (a) Given beam and loading, (b) Free body diagram of joint B
SOLUTION
First, we evaluate the fixed-end moments (Table 1.2) as follows:
 L AB
2
18  42
FEM AB    24kN.m
12 12
FEM BA  24kN.m
PLBC 60  6
FEM BC    45kN.m
8 8
FEM CB  45kN.m
14
We now write the slope-deflection equation for each span using eqn.(1.7):
M AB 
2 EI
2 A   B  3   FEM AB
LAB
Notice that in the given beam, A = 0 (fixed support) and the chord rotation  = 0 (since there is
no support translation, i.e., = 0).
2 EI B
 M AB   24
4
OR M AB  0.5EI B  24 (1)
M BA 
2 EI
2 B   A  3   FEM BA
LAB
Observe that while considering joint A, "a" was the near end ("n" in eqn 1.7) and "B" was the far
end ("f" in eqn.1.7) but when considering joint B, "B" became the near ("n") end and "A"
became the far ("f") end. Here again,  = 0.
 M BA 
2 EI
2 B   24
4
OR M BA  EI B  24 (2)
Similarly, for span BC:
M BC 
2 EI
2 B  C  3   FEM BC
LBC
=
2 EI
2 B   45
6
OR M BC  0.67 EI B  45 (3)
and
M CB 
2 EI
2C   B  3   45
LBC
2 EI B
=  45
6
OR
M CB  0.33EI B  45 (4)
Next, we isolate B (Fig.1.7b) and write the equilibrium equation for the free-body as follows:
M BA  M BC  0 (5)
15
Substituting the values for MBA and MBC from eqns (2) and (3) into eqn (5) we obtain:
EI B  24  0.67 EI B  45  0
OR
12.57
B  
EI
Substitution of the value of B into eqns (1) to (4) yields the end moments as follows:
 12.57 
M AB  0.5EI     24  17.7kN.m
 EI 
 12.57 
M BA  EI     24  36.6kN.m
 EI 
 12.57 
M BC  0.67 EI     45  36.6kN.m
 EI 
 12.57 
M CB  0.33EI     45  49.2kN.m
 EI 
STRUCTURES WITH OVERHANGS

In a case where a beam has an overhang, to analyse the beam, the overhang is first replaced by
the equivalent moment applied on the adjacent support. The procedure then becomes the same as
before except that the overhanging member has a known end moment. The following example
will illustrate the steps involved.
Example 1.2
Determine the support moments for the beam shown in Fig.1.8
60kN 12kN
18kN/m
EI = Const
A C
B D
3m
4m 6m 1.5m
Fig.1.8 Given beam and loading
SOLUTION
The overhanging span is replaced with its equivalent moment equal to 18kNm (12 x 1.5 = 18).
This moment is positive in accordance with our adopted sign convention since the 12kN load
tends to rotate joint C in a clockwise direction.
Notice that the fixed-end moments for spans AB and BC will be the same as for Example 1.1.
16
Thus
FEMAB = 24kNm; FEMBA = -24kNm;
FEMBC = 45kNm; FEMCB = -45kNm.
Considering the overhanging span as a fixed cantilever, the fixed-end moment at support C will
be
FEMCD = 12 x 1.5 = 18kNm.
Slope-deflection equation
2 EI B
M AB   24, OR M AB  0.5EI B  24 (1)
4
4 EI B
M BA   24, OR M BA  EI B  24 (2)
4
M BC 
2 EI
2 B  C   45, OR 0.67 EI B  0.33EIC  45 (3)
6
MBA M CB  2 EI 2C   B   45, OR 0.67 EIC  0.33EI B  45 (4)

6
M CD  18kNm (5)
Next, we consider the equilibrium conditions of the free bodies of the joints (Fig.1.9).
MBA MCB
B C
MBC MCD
Fig.1.9 Free-body diagram of the joints
From Fig.1.9, we write:

MBA + MBC = 0 (6)
MCB + MCD = 0 (7)
Next, we substitute the values of the end moments from equations 2 to 5 into equations 6 and 7
and solve the resulting simultaneous equations for the end rotations, as follows:
EI B  24  0.67 EI B  0.33EIC  45  0

or 1.67 EI B  0.33EIC  21 (8)
and 0.67 EIC  0.33EI B  45  18  0
or 0.33EI B  0.67 EIC  27 (9)
Solving equations 8 and 9 simultaneously yields:
17
51.51  22.75
C  and  B 
EI EI
Substituting these values of displacements C and B into the slope-deflection equations will
yield the end (or support) moments.
Thus:
  22.75 
M AB  0.5EI    24  12.63kNm
 EI 
  22.75 
M BA  EI    24  46.75kNm
 EI 
  22.75   51.51 
M BC  0.67 EI    0.33EI    45  46.75kNm
 EI   EI 
 51.51    22.75 
M BC  0.67 EI    0.33EI    45  18kNm
 EI   EI 
and M CD  18kNm
If it is required to obtain the support reactions, this can be conveniently carried out by separately
obtaining the simply supported beam reactions and the reactions due to support moments, and
then algebraically adding them together. This is carried out as shown in Fig.1.10.
60kN 12kN
18kN/m
4m 6m 1.5m
(a)
36kN 36kN 30kN 30kN 12kN
12.63kNm 46.75kNm 46.75kNm 18kNm
(b) 8.53kN 8.53kN 4.79kN 4.79kN
12.63kNm
(c) 27.47kN
37.21kN
79.32kN
Fig.1.10 (a) Simply supported beam reactions; (b) Reactions due to support moments;
(c) Total (Final) support reactions
Note that in applying the end moments obtained from the slope-deflection equation at the beam
support points, the adopted sign convention (i.e., counterclockwise moments are positive) is
18
observed but in using these moments for further calculations (such as obtaining support reactions
or span moments) the beam sign convention (i.e., sagging moments are positive and shears
upward to the left of the beam or downward to the right of the beam is positive) must be
followed.
Checks To check the correctness of the final support reactions obtained in Fig.1.10(c), the
equilibrium of the entire beam under vertical forces is considered as follows:
Fy = 0; 27.47 + 79.32 +37.21 - (18 x 4) - 60 12 = 0

144 - 144 = 0 (Satisfied)
To check the correctness of the moment at support A, we can take the sum of the moments of all
the active and reactive forces about A as follows:
MA = - 12(1.5 + 6 + 4) + 37.21(6 + 4) - 60(3 + 4) + (79.32 x 4) - (18 x 4 x 2)

= - 138 + 372.1 - 420 + 317.3 - 144
= - 12.6kNm (Satisfied)
STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO SUPPORT SETTLEMENT

If any of the supports settles, its effect on each span can be taken care of in the slope-deflection
equation. The known support settlement () is used to obtain the chord rotation , which is then
appropriately substituted into the slope-deflection equation(1.7) and the rest of the analysis steps
remains as before. This is illustrated using the following example.
Example 1.3
Determine the support moments for the beam of Fig.1.11 if under the given loading support B
sinks by 5mm. Take E = 210 x 106 kN/m2; I = 360 x 10-6m4
60kN 30kN
36kN/m
EI = Const
A D
B C
3m
LAB = 4m LBC = 6m 2m
SOLUTION
Fixed-end moments
36  42
FEM AB   48kNm
12
FEM BA  48kNm
19
60  6
FEM BC   45kNm
8
FEM CB  45kNm
FEM CD  30  2  60kNm
The chord rotations  are obtained as follows:
 5
 AB     0.00125rad.
LAB 4000
Note that the minus sign is because the chord rotation for member AB is clockwise as support B
sinks (See sign convention).
 5
 BC     0.000833rad.
LBC 6000
Slope-deflection equations
M AB 
2 EI
2 A   B  3 0.00125  48
LAB
or
M AB  0.5EI B  0.001875EI  48 (1)
M BA 
2 EI
2 B   A  3 0.00125  48
4
or
M BA  EI B  0.001875EI  48 (2)
M BC 
2 EI
2 B  C  30.000833  45
6
or
M BC  0.67 EI B  0.33EIC  0.000833EI  45 (3)
M CB 
2 EI
2C   B  30.000833  45
6
or
M BC  0.67 EIC  0.33EI B  0.000833EI  45 (4)
M CD  60kNm (5)
Joint equilibrium equations (See Fig.1.12)

MBA
MCB
B C
20
MBC MCD
Fig.1.12 Free-body diagrams of the joints
M BA  M BC  0 (6)
M CB  M CD  0 (7)
Substitution of eqns (2) to (5) into eqns (6) and (7) gives the following.
For eqn.(6):
EI B  0.001875EI  48  0.67 EI B  0.33EIC  0.000833EI  45  0
or 1.67 EI B  0.33EIC  0.00104EI  3
Dividing throughout by EI, we have:
3
1.67 B  0.33C   0.00104 (8)
EI
For eqn.(7):
0.67 EIC  0.33EI B  0.000833  45  60  0
Dividing throughout by EI, we obtain:
15
0.33 B  0.67C    0.000833 (9)
EI
Solving eqns.(8) and (9) simultaneously, we obtain:
25.782 6.891
C  0.00171  , B   0.00096
EI EI
But EI  210 106  360 106  75600kNm2
C  0.00171  0.000341  0.00137 or 1.37  103 rad.

and
 B  0.0000911  0.00096  0.000869 or  8.69  104 rad
Final end moments:
M AB  0.5  75600 0.000869  0.001875  75600  48
or M AB  156.9kNm
21
M BA  75600 0.000869  0.001875  75600  48
or M BA  28kNm
M BC  0.67  75600 0.000869  0.33  756000.00137  0.000833  75600  45
or M BC  28kNm
M CB  0.67  756000.00137  0.33  75600 0.000869  0.000833  75600  45
or M CB  60kNm
We now consider an example of a beam for which spans have different second moments of area
I.
Example 1.4
Evaluate the member-end moments of the beam shown in Fig.1.13
80kN
w = 36kN/m
C
A
2I B I
2.5m
5m 5m
Fixed-end moments
48  52
FEM AB   100kNm
12
FEM BA  100kNm
80  5
8
FEM CB  50kNm
2 E 2 I 
M AB   B   100
5
22
or M AB  0.8EI B  100 (1)
2 E 2 I 
M BA  2 B   100
5
or M BA  1.6EI B  100 (2)
M BC 
2 EI
2 B  C   50
5
or M BC  0.8EI B  0.4EIC  50 (3)
M CB 
2 EI
2C   B   50
5
or M CB  0.8EIC  0.4EI B  50 (4)
Joint equilibrium equations: (See Fig.1.14)
MBA MCB =0
B
MBC C
M BA  M BC  0 (5)
and M CB  0 (6)
Substituting the values of MBA and MBC from eqns (2), (3) and (4) into eqns (5) and (6), we
obtain the following:
1.6EI B  100  0.8EI B  0.4EIC  50  0
or 2.4EI B  0.4EIC  50 (7)

and 0.8EIC  0.4EI B  50  0 (8)
Solving eqns (7) and (8) simultaneously, we obtain:
EI B  11.36 and EIC  56.84
23
Final end moments
M AB  0.811.36  100  109.09kNm
M BA  1.611.36  100  81.82kNm
M BC  0.811.36  0.456.84  50  81.82kNm
M CB  0.856.84  0.411.36  50  0 (as expected)
FRAMES WITH NO LATERAL TRANSLATION OF JOINTS

The procedure for the analysis of frames whose joint translations are prevented is similar to that
for the analysis of continuous beams. The following example illustrates such a case.
Example 1.5
Determine the support moments of the frame shown in Fig.1.15
30kN
6m 3m
B C
3I
4m
1.5I 1.5I 6m
10kN
2m
A D
9m
Fig.1.15 Given frame and loading
SOLUTION
Observe that joints B and C can rotate but none of the joints can translate.
Fixed-end moments
10  2  42
FEM AB   8.89kNm
62
10  4  22
FEM BA   4.44kNm
62
30  6  32
92
30  3  62
FEM CB   40kNm
92
24
Stiffnesses
1.5I I
K AB  
6 4
3I I
K BC  
9 3
K BC 4

K AB 3
Therefore, the relative values of the stiffnesses are K BC  4K and K AB  3K
We now use these relative stiffness values in the slope-deflection equations.
M AB  2  3EK B  8.89
or M AB  6EK B  8.89 (1)
M BA  4  3EK B  4.44
or M BA  12EK B  4.44 (2)
M BC  4  4EK B  2  4EKC  20
or M BC  16EK B  8EKC  20 (3)
M CB  4  4EKC  2  4EK B  40
or M CB  16EKC  8EK B  40 (4)
M CD  4  3EKC
or M CD  12EKC (5)
M DC  2  3EKC
or M DC  6EKC (6)
Joint equilibrium equations

M BA  M BC  0 (7)
M CB  M CD  0 (8)
Substituting eqns (2) to (5) into eqns (7) and (8), we have:
12EK B  4.44  16EK B  8EKC  20  0 (9)
and 16EKC  8EK B  40  12EKC  0 (10)
Simultaneous solution of eqns (9) and (10) yields:

25
EK B  1.048 and EKC  1.728
Final end moments (or support moments)

M AB  6 1.048  8.89  2.60kNm
M BA  12 1.048  4.44  17.02kNm
M BC  16 1.048  81.728  20  17.06kNm
M CB  161.728  8 1.048  40  20.74kNm
M CD  121.728  20.74kNm
M DC  61.728  10.37kNm
Example 1.6
Determine the member-end moments for the frame of Fig.1.16
100kN
15kN/m
D
A B
1.5I 1.5I
3m
75kN
0.75I 0.75I 3m
C
4m 4m 6m E
SOLUTION
Here only joints B and D are free to rotate. The structure therefore has only two degrees of
freedom, which are the unknown joint rotations B and D.
Fixed-end moments
100  8
FEM AB   100kNm ;
8
FEM BA  100kNm;
FEM BC  FEM CB  0 ;
15  62
FEM BD   45kNm;
12
FEM DB  45kNm;
75  6
FEM DE   56.25kNm;
8
FEM ED  56.25kNm.
26
Chord rotations
There is no settlement of any of the supports so the chord rotation of each of the four members is
zero, i.e., AB  BC  BD  DE  0 .
2  1.5EI
M AB   B   100  0.375EI B  100 (1)
8
2  1.5EI
M BA  2 B   100  0.75EI B  100 (2)
8
2  0.75EI
M BC  2 B   0.5EI B (3)
6
2  0.75EI
M CB   B   0.25EI B (4)
6
2  1.5EI
M BD  2 B   D   45  EI B  0.5EI D  45 (5)
6
2  1.5EI
M DB  2 D   B   45  EI D  0.5EI B  45 (6)
6
2  0.75EI
M DE  2 D   56.25  0.5EI D  56.25 (7)
6
2  0.75EI
M ED   D   56.25  0.25EI D  56.25 (8)
6

We now apply moment equilibrium equations to the free bodies of joints B and D shown in Fig
1.17
M BA  M BC  M BD  0 (9)
M DB  M DE  0 (10)
MBA
MDB
B D
MBD
MBC
MDE
27
Joint rotations
To determine the unknown joint rotations  B and  D , we substitute slope-deflection eqns (2),
(3), (5), (6) and (7) into the joint equilibrium equations (9) and (10) to obtain the following
equations:
0.75EI B  100  0.5EI B  EI B  0.5EI D  45  0

or 2.25EI B  0.5EI D  55 (11)
and
EI D  0.5EI B  45  0.5EI D  56.25  0
or 0.5EI B  1.5EI D  11.25 (12)
Simultaneous solution of eqns (11) and (12) yields the following:

EI B  28.2; EI D  16.9
Member-end moments
The member-end moments are obtained by substituting the numerical values of EI B and EI D
into the slope-deflection equations as follows:
M AB  0.37528.2  100  110.58kNm;

M BA  0.7528.2  100  78.85kNm;
M BC  0.528.2  14.1kNm;
M CB  0.2528.2  7.05;
M BD  28.2  0.5 16.9  45  64.75kNm;
M DB  16.9  0.5  28.2  45  47.8kNm;
M DE   0.5  16.9  56.25  47.8kNm;
M ED   0.25 16.9  56.25  60.48kNm.
FRAMES WITH LATERAL TRANSLATION OF JOINTS
For the analysis of frames with joint translation, some other equilibrium conditions is are
required, in addition to joint equilibrium equations. The procedure involved is illustrated by
means of the following example.
Example 1.7
Determine the member-end moments for the frame shown in Fig.1.18.
3m
B C
3I 28
4m
1.5I 1.5I
6m
SOLUTION
Recall that this frame was earlier analysed in Example 1.5 (Fig.1.15) but with the joint
translation prevented by provision of a lateral support at joint C. In this example, the support at C
has been removed to allow translation of joints to take place. A possible deformed shape of the
frame is shown in Fig.1.19. Since axial deformation is negligible, the lateral translations of joints
B and C () are equal .
 
B C
A D
Fig.1.19 Possible deformed shape of the frame
Fixed-end moments
The fixed-end moments were obtained in Example 1.5 and are as follows:
FEM AB  8.89kNm; FEM BA  4.44kNm;
FEM BC  20kNm; FEM CB  40kNm.
As was done in the analysis of the frame of Example 1.5, in this example we shall use for
convenience, the relative values of the stiffnesses as K AB  KCD  3K and K BC  4K

Note also that the chord rotations are equal, i.e. AB  CD   
6
M AB  2  3EK  B  3   8.89
or M AB  6EK B  18EK  8.89 (1)
M BA  6EK 2 B  3   4.44
29
or M BA  12EK B  18EK  4.44 (2)

M BC  2  4EK 2 B  C   20
or M BC  16EK B  8EKC  20 (3)
M CB  2  4EK 2C   B   40
or M CB  16EKC  8EK B  40 (4)
M CD  2  3EK 2C  3 
or M CD  12EKC  18EK (5)
M DC  2  3EK C  3 
or M DC  6EKC  18EK (6)

M BA  M BC  0 (7)
M CB  M CD  0 (8)
Note that the joint equilibrium equations are only two but there are three unknowns:  B ;  C and
 . A third equation is therefore necessary in order to evaluate the three unknowns. This can be
obtained by considering the equilibrium of the entire frame under horizontal forces, i.e. Fx =0.
The forces involved here are the external 10kN force and the shears at the column bases. The two
columns, together with the various forces needed to establish the third equation, are shown in
Fig.1.20.
MCD
MBA
B C
4m
10kN 6m
2m HAB HDC
A
D
MAB
MDC
Fig.1.20 Shears at column bases
Referring to Fig.1.20, we obtain the following equilibrium equation for horizontal forces:
Fx =0; 10 - HAB - HDC = 0 (9)
Expressions for the shears (HAB and HDC) can be obtained in terms of the end moments as
follows:
 M B  0; 6H AB  10  4  M AB  M BA  0
or
M  M BA  40
H AB  AB (10)
6
and  M C  0;
30
M CD  M DC
 H DC  (11)
6
Substituting equations (1) and (2) into eqn (10) and eqns(5) and (6) into eqn(11), and then
substituting the resulting expressions for HAB and HDC into eqn(9), we have:
 6 EK B  18EK  8.89  12 EK B  18EK  35.56   12 EKC  18EK  6 EKC  18EK 
10    0
 6   6 
or 3EK B  3EKC  12EK  2.592 (12)
Substitution of eqns (2) and (3) into eqn(7) and eqns(4) and (5) into eqn(8) yields the following
equations (13) and (14) respectively;
28EK B  8EKC  18EK  15.56 (13)

and 8EK B  28EKC  18EK  40 (14)
Simultaneous solution of equations (12), (13) and (14) yields the joint displacements as follows:
EK B  1.0847; EKC  1.697; EK  0.0629.
Final member-end moments

M AB  6 1.0847  18 0.0629  8.89  3.51kNm;
M BA  12 1.0847  18 0.0629  4.44  16.32kNm;
M BC  16 1.0847  81.697  20  16.22kNm;
M CB  161.697  8 1.0847  40  21.52kNm;
M CD  121.697  18 0.0629  21.52kNm;
M DC  61.697  18 0.0629  11.31kNm.
31

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Bahir Dar University Faculty of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES: SLOPE-DEFLECTION

DERIVATION OF THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

Deformed axis of member AB MBA

Fig.1.2 Member-end displacements: (a) Typical member of a rigid-jointed frame

The notations in Fig.1.2(b) have the following meanings:

EXPRESSIONS FOR MEMBER MOMENTS

1.End moments due to rotation A (B =  = P = 0).

[Note that  A   B   A since  B  0 ]

Taking cognisance of eqn (1.1), the above expression reduces to:

2. End moments due to rotation B (A =  = P = 0)

Fig.1.4 represents a member that satisfies the above conditions.

Analogous to Case1 (Fig.1.3),

From Fig.1.4b (i), it is clear that

3. End moments due to a relative joint displacement  (A = B = P = 0)

OR MBA = MAB (1.4)

Combining the above expression with eqn (1.4), we obtain:

Note: Various member-end moments caused by end-displacements in a prismatic member are

4a End moments due to external loads acting on the member (A = B = = 0)

Fig.1.6 Fixed-end moments due to external loads

MODIFIED SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

Table1.1 End-moments due to end-displacements in a prismatic member

Table 1.2 Fixed-end moments (FEM) due to applied loads

ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS

Similarly, for span BC:

STRUCTURES WITH OVERHANGS

Fig.1.8 Given beam and loading

MBA M CB  2 EI 2C   B   45, OR 0.67 EIC  0.33EI B  45 (4)

Fig.1.9 Free-body diagram of the joints

From Fig.1.9, we write:

EI B  24  0.67 EI B  0.33EIC  45  0

12.63kNm 46.75kNm 46.75kNm 18kNm

(b) 8.53kN 8.53kN 4.79kN 4.79kN

Fy = 0; 27.47 + 79.32 +37.21 - (18 x 4) - 60 12 = 0

MA = - 12(1.5 + 6 + 4) + 37.21(6 + 4) - 60(3 + 4) + (79.32 x 4) - (18 x 4 x 2)

STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO SUPPORT SETTLEMENT

Fig.1.11 Given beam and loading

Joint equilibrium equations (See Fig.1.12)

or 1.67 EI B  0.33EIC  0.00104EI  3

Dividing throughout by EI, we have:

Dividing throughout by EI, we obtain:

Solving eqns.(8) and (9) simultaneously, we obtain:

But EI  210 106  360 106  75600kNm2

C  0.00171  0.000341  0.00137 or 1.37  103 rad.

Final end moments:

M AB  0.5  75600 0.000869  0.001875  75600  48

M BA  75600 0.000869  0.001875  75600  48

M BC  0.67  75600 0.000869  0.33  756000.00137  0.000833  75600  45

M CB  0.67  756000.00137  0.33  75600 0.000869  0.000833  75600  45

Fig.1.13 Given beam and loading

or M AB  0.8EI B  100 (1)

or M BA  1.6EI B  100 (2)

or M BC  0.8EI B  0.4EIC  50 (3)

or M CB  0.8EIC  0.4EI B  50 (4)

Joint equilibrium equations: (See Fig.1.14)

Fig.1.14 Free-body diagrams of the joints

1.6EI B  100  0.8EI B  0.4EIC  50  0

or 2.4EI B  0.4EIC  50 (7)

Solving eqns (7) and (8) simultaneously, we obtain:

EI B  11.36 and EIC  56.84

Final end moments

M AB  0.811.36  100  109.09kNm