INTRODUCTION TO

METABOLISM

DR. NURAIZA MEUTIA, M.BIOMED

DR. EKA ROINA MEGAWATI, M.KES

DEPT. FISIOLOGI ,2011

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN USU
 Metabolism

 Metabolism : all chemical reactions necessary to

maintain life

 Anabolicreactions : synthesis of larger molecules

from smaller ones

 Catabolic reactions : hydrolysis of complex

structures into simpler ones
The nutrient pool is the source of the substrates for
both catabolism and anabolism.
 Cellular respiration : food fuels are broken down
within cells and some of the energy is captured to
produce ATP

 Enzymes shift the high-energy phosphate groups of

ATP to other molecules

 These phosphorylated molecules are activated to

perform cellular functions
ATP functions : “energy currency” in metabolism
 Stages of Metabolism

1. Digestion : breakdown of food; nutrients are

transported to tissues

2. Anabolism and formation of catabolic intermediates

where nutrients are:
Built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen
Broken down by catabolic pathways to pyruvic acid
and acetyl CoA

3. Oxidative breakdown : nutrients are catabolized to

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Stages of
Metabolism
 Metabolic Interactions

 From a metabolic standpoint, the body is consider as

5 components :
 The liver
 Adipose tissue
 Skeletal muscle
 Neural tissue
 Other peripheral tissue

The 5 components shows different patterns of metabolic activity

during 24-h period
The Absorptive and Postabsorptive States

Metabolic controls equalize blood concentrations of

nutrients between two states :

 Absorptive
 The time during and shortly after nutrient intake

 Postabsorptive
 The time when the GI tract is empty

 Energy sources are supplied by the breakdown of body

reserves
 Absorptive State

 The major metabolic thrust is anabolism and

energy storage
 Dietary glucose is the major energy fuel
 Excess amino acids are deaminated and used for
energy or stored as fat in the liver
Absorptive State
Principal Pathways of the Absorptive State
 Postabsorptive State

 The major metabolic thrust is catabolism and

replacement of fuels in the blood

 Glucose is provided by glycogenolysis and

gluconeogenesis

 Fatty acids and ketones are the major energy fuels

 Amino acids are converted to glucose in the liver

Postabsorptive State
Principle Pathways in the Postabsorptive State
“Fasted State” or Post-Absorptive Metabolism: Catabolic
Regulation of Reversible pathways
DOMINATION OF INSULIN & GLUCAGON
IN METABOLIC INTERACTION
 Regulation by other hormones

Absorptive State Postabsorptive state

Insulin Glucagon
Growth Hormones Epinephrine
Androgens Glucocorticoids
Estrogens
Referensi :
 Guyton & Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Elsevier Saunders.2006. pp 865-888.
 Marieb EN. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 6th Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter 24-
Nutrition,Metabolism and Body Temp.Regulation.
 Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 6th Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter 25-
Metabolism and Energetic.
 Silverthorn DU. Human Physiology an Integrated Approach. 3rd Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter
22-Metabolism and Energy Balance.