MEMORY: MODELS AND RESEARCH

METHODS
Memory
 is the means by which we retain and draw on
our past experiences to use that information
in the present.
 As a process, memory refers to the dynamic
mechanisms associated with
storing,retaining,and retrieving information
about past experience
Three common operations of memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Tasks Used for Measuring Memory
In studying memory, reseachers have devised
various task that require participants to
remember arbitrary information in different
ways.
Two major categories:
 Recall versus recognition memory
 Implicit versus explicit memory
Recall versus Recognition Tasks

In recall, you produce a fact, a word, or other from

memory

In recognition, you select or otherwise identify an

item as being one that you have been exposed
to previously.
 Three main types of recall tasks are used in
experiments
 Serial recall
 Free recall
 Cued recall
Serial recall
 you recall items in the exact order in which
they were presented
Free recall
 In which you recall items in any order you
choose
Cued recall
 In which you are first shown items in pairs,
but during recall you are cued with only one
member of each pair and are asked to recall
each mate
 Recognition memory is usually much
better than recall. You may have
experienced the superiority of
recognition memory when you
answered an exam question requiring
you to remember a fact.
Implicit versus Explicit Memory Task

Implicit memory- in which we use information

from memory but are not conciously aware that
we are doing so.
Explicit memory- in which participants engage
inconcious recollection
 Priming
Is the facilitation of your ability to utilize
missing information
 Procedural memory or memory for processes,
can be tested in implicit memory tasks as well
Intelligence & the importance of
culture intesting
In many cultures of the world, quickness is not a
premium. In these cultures, people may
believe that more intellegent people do not
rush into things
Culture relevant tests – Measure skills and
knowledge that relate to the cultural
experiences of the test-takers.