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Lecture 3
Previous Lecture Summary
• Logical Equivalences.
• De Morgan’s laws.
• Tautologies and Contradictions.
• Laws of Logic.
• Logical Equivalences using Logical
Laws.
Lecture`s outline
• Conditional Propositions.
• Negation, Inverse and Converse of the
conditional statements.
• Contra positive .
• Bi conditional statements.
• Necessary and Sufficient Conditions.
• Conditional statements and their Logical
equivalences.
Conditional propositions
Definition
If p and q are propositions, the conditional of q by p
is if p then q or p implies q and is denoted by p→q.
It is false when p is true and q is false otherwise it is
true.
Examples
If you work hard then you will succeed.
If John lives in Islamabad, then he lives in Pakistan.
Implication (if - then)
P Q PQ
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Interpreting Conditional Statements
Examples
“The online user is sent a notification of a link error if
the network link is down”.
The statement is equivalent to
“If the network link is down, then the online user is sent a
notification of a link error.”
Using
p : The network link is down,
q : the online user is sent a notification of a link error.
John will break the world`s record for the mile run only
if he runs the mile in under four minutes.
is equivalent to
• Show that
¬(p→q) ≡ p ¬q
This means that negation of ‘if p then q’ is logically
equivalent to ‘p and not q’.
Solution
Example
If today is Sunday, then tomorrow is Monday.
Contra positive:
If tomorrow is not Monday, then today is not Sunday.
The Biconditional
Definition Given proposition variables p and q, the
Bi conditional of p and q is p if and only if q and is
denoted p↔q.
It is true if both p and q have the same truth values
and is false if p and q have opposite truth values.
The words if and only if are sometime abbreviated iff.
(i) “The user has contacted the network administrator, but does
not enter a valid password.”
c∧¬v
Cont….
(c ∨ v) → a
(iii) “Access is denied if the user has not entered a
valid password or has not contacted the network
administrator.”
(¬v ∨ ¬c) → ¬a
Conversion of statements in to symbols
(l ∨ e) → ¬ u
Lecture Summary
• Conditional Propositions.
• Negation, Inverse and Converse of the conditional
statements.
• Contra positive .
• Bi conditional statements.
• Necessary and Sufficient Conditions.
• Conditional statements and their Logical
equivalences.
• Translating English to Symbols.