Renaissance Period 15th & 16th

Century
4 reasons for travel:
trade/explore/education/diplomacy
Renaissance period is the rediscovery of the Roman
and Greek civilizations
Beginnings of the Grand Tour practiced in Italy to
discover the cities of Roman Civilization
Traveled mostly by land from UK, through
Paris to Italy
Cultural and aesthetic purposes

1
 Because of the French Revolution in the late
1700s, many chefs of the French nobility were
settling throughout Europe. Some ventured as
fast as America, taking with them their tradition
of fine cuisine.
 THE "GRAND TOUR" OF
THE BRITISH ARISTOCRACY
TO EUROPE
IN THE 17th / 18th CENTURY

According to historian Edward

Gibbon, he remarked that the
‘Grand Tour’ is necessary for
developing minds.
"According to the law of custom,
and perhaps of reason, foreign
travel completes the education of
http://
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Jea an English gentleman."
n_Preudhomme.jpg/220px-Jean_Preudhomme.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour
 17th and 18th Century

The Under the reign of The practice was

Renaissance Elizabeth 1, young then adopted by
brought men who seek members of the
freedom & positions at the court Aristocrats (those
encouraged were encouraged to from in the
the pursuit of travel to the upper-class,
learning/ Continent to complete nobles, gentries)
education their education
 17th and 18th Century
It later became customary for gentlemen to complete their
education through a 'Grand Tour' with the company of a tutor
• Major cultural Centers of Europe: From London, Paris,
Milan, Florence, Rome, Venice, Naples
• Traveled mostly inland, by riding post-chaises with all
their valets and friends of the Gentry

By the end of the

18th Century, the Gradually, as spas began to grow in
Grand Tour popularity, pleasure and social
became an travel displaced education. Young
institution among men seeking pleasure traveled to
the Gentry in enjoy the culture and social life of
Great Britain cities such as Paris, Venice, and 6
Florence
 17th and 18th Century
The Development of Spas
In the 17th Century, spas begin to gain
popularity in Britain and a little later in
the European Continent.
Resulted from the increasing awareness on the therapeutic
qualities of mineral water (Medical Tourism)
 1562: Dr. William Turner published a book on the curative
powers of the waters at Bath & on the Continent
 1626: Elizabeth Farrow’s writing drew attention to the qualities
of the mineral springs at Chalyneate, Scarborough
: Dr. Edmund Dean wrote on what he claimed to be the
strongest sulphur springs in Great Britain, at Harrogate
 17th and 18th Century
Bathing and taking the cure in
spas quickly became a symbol of
status. Spas began to change in
character as people started to visit
for pleasure rather than health
Facilities to entertain and cater for
the wealthy visitors grew.
By 1815, 7 spas had theatres built
to provide entertainment
 Spas became a centre of high fashion, an important centre of
social life for the upper class society in the 18th & early 19th
Century.
 17th and 18th Century
Mode of Transport
The development of sprung coach facilitated the
movements of people
Uses teams of horses which are changed at regular points
along the route
Travel became more comfortable
 17th and 18th Century

18th Cent: Turnpike roads were introduced

Improved land surface, tolls were charged
Enabled coaches to carry between 8 to 14 passengers
for 40 miles a day
London to Bath: 3 days
London to Edinburgh: 10 days
Accommodation
Because of the long journey, Inns were built to serve
the needs of overnight guests & to provide fresh
horses
Accommodation was basic
Lodgings were available for rent when visitors arrive
 Early Travel Privileges
Peasants & other low class persons (the mass of the
population)

did not go on pilgrimages

never travelled further than a day’s walk from home.
This remained so until the late 1800s

traditional class of farmers

 19th Century
Industrial revolution
Development of the use of steam engines
-Train and improved shipping systems
Long distance travel became safer, faster and
more comfortable.
Number of travelers increased

13
 THOMAS COOK
1st travel agency in the world
Offered guided tours of Europe
1st to introduce circular notes to be used by travelers
(traveler’s cheques)
1st to introduce hotel vouchers
In 1841 he organize a 1 day rail excursion trip for 550
peoples struggling against alcoholism.
From Leicester to Loughborough
Fare: 1 shilling = 5 pence

15
 THOMAS COOK
first outbound tourism First in everything!
for British to Europeans Hotel
capitals vouchers

1845 1855 1869 1868 1874

Thomas Cook
organizes his first first nil cruise
trip to Liverpool
travellers cheques

16
 The 20th Century
Effects of the industrial revolution: creation of the
middle class
Birth of Star liners (titanic)
Rise in people’s income and free time: such that tourism
is no longer accessible to only elites and Aristocrats
Demand for more and more income and free time
Proclamation of annual paid leaves in the 1936 –
became a right for full-time paid workers in many
countries
Before, workers work from morning till
night, 6 days a week
Sundays were treated as rest day &
days of worship
20
 The 20th Century
After the 2nd World War, the tourism industry boomed
Introduction of the jet travel in 1958 made travel to the
Americas possible in 8 hours
Tour operators started including new destinations in tour
packages
Democratization of the use of cars amongst the middle class,
spreading the convenience of mobility
People could travel to new destinations or those not usually
served by trains

21
Great Moments in Tourism History
1830: The 1st steam powered passenger train
made its 1st passenger journey (Whitstable
Bay to Cantebury)
1842: Thomas Cook invents modern
packaged, group tourism, based on railway
transport
1860s: Steam powered ships : larger and safer
and faster and cheaper than sailing ships
Invention of bicycle in the late 1800s led to
the popularity of bicycle touring
 Great Moments in Tourism History

The end of World War I (1918) and into the

1920s

War surplus buses used for mass road transport

War surplus aircraft used to launch airline industry
(Qantas one of the first airlines)
Ordinary people wanted better life than before war
Large numbers of Americans travel to France
 Great Moments in Tourism History
End of World War II (1939 to 1945)

War surplus aircraft used to form first packaged tour

operators using aircraft
Invention of jet aircraft in war adapted for
commercial airlines in the 1950s
Radar and other technologies make air travel safer
Masses of people want better life than before the war
150+ colonies become independent nations and
begin promoting inbound tourism
A POPULATION - SOCIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON
– EMERGENCE OF NEW MIDDLE CLASS  Factory owners
 Merchants

englishmatters.gmu.edu images.rgs.org www.wwnorton.com

 The importance of industrial revolution
to Tourism (19th Century)

A POPULATION - SOCIOLOGICAL PHENOMENON

– EMERGENCE OF NEW MIDDLE CLASS

THE INVENTIONS OF VARIOUS MODE OF TRANSPORTATION

– EMERGENCE OF RAILWAYS AND STEAMSHIPS (CRUISE)

THE BIRTH OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM INDUSTRY

– EMERGENCE OF TRAVEL AGENTS, HOTELIERS, CHEFS

THE PROMOTION OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM INDUSTRY

– DUE TO SUNTAN & PHOTOGRAPHY
 THE BIRTH OF
Hospitality/hotel in the 1800’S

• By the 1800s, numerous fine

eating-and-drinking
establishments were operating
globally
• The development of civilized
sleeping accommodations has
www.louvrehotels.co.uk just begun
• Pioneers such as César Ritz and
Conrad Hilton rushed to create
luxury accommodations that
are associated with their names
today
 César Ritz (1850-1918)
A Swiss hotelier and
founder of several hotels,
most famously the
Hôtel Ritz, in Paris
and The Ritz Hotel
in London.
http://
www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/1 His nickname was
9/paris-famed-hotel-ritz-to_n_10
19289.html#s419260&title=Hotel_R
itz
“King of
http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5Dfoi
oiuLI
hoteliers,
and Hotelier
Conrad Hilton (1887-1979)
An American hotelier and founder of the Hilton Hotels chain.
He developed the world's first international hotel chain
during 1950’s to 1960’s.
purchased his first hotel in Cisco, Texas, during the 1919 oil
boom, upon learning that room occupancy turned over three
times a day.
Thirty years later his acquisition of the famed Waldorf
Astoria hotel in New York City made national headlines.
When Hilton Hotels Corporation acquired control of Statler
Hotels in 1954, the real estate transaction was the largest the
world had known to date.
His business acumen was built on a keen sense of property
values, good timing, patience and skill in negotiating, an
understanding of financial dealings, and a singular talent for
“picking the right man for the right job.”
He attributed his success to his philosophy that “man with
God’s help and personal dedication is capable of anything he
can dream.”
Among industry firsts: Hilton Hotels developed the concept Quoted from:
of franchising hotels, launched the first airport hotel, http://www.hiltonfoundation.org/founder
introduced the first multi-hotel reservation system, and
became the first U.S. coast-to-coast hotel chain.
Disneyland, 1955
Disneyland, 1955
On July 17, 1955, Disneyland opened for a few thousand
specially invited visitors; the following day, Disneyland
officially opened to the public. Disneyland, located in
Anaheim, California on what used to be a 160-acre
orange orchard, cost $17 million to build. The original
park included Main Street, Adventure land, Frontier land,
Fantasyland, and Tomorrow land.
Great Moments in Tourism History
1964: Japanese Government lifts restrictions on
Japanese travelling internationally, triggering huge
increase in outbound tourism from Japan

1974 in Australia:
4 weeks paid annual leave for all full-time paid
workers triggered a huge increase in holiday tourism
by Australians
Qantas launches packaged tourism from
Australia to Asian destinations
Great Moments in Tourism History
1985-90: the value of Japanese currency, yen, rises
greatly, leading to a huge increase in the number of
Japanese going overseas and in the amount of money
they spent

11 September 2001:
Terrorist attacks in the USA. Short-term
decrease in worldwide international
tourism (widespread fear)
Sharp increase in domestic tourism,
when many people visit perceived safer
destinations close to home
Changing Trends in Tourism

1790 in England: the start of beach

tourism

1815 in Europe: natural scenery

becomes a tourist attraction

1929: summer replaces winter as the

fashionable season on the French Riviera
(a suntan becomes a fashion statement)

In 1990s, shopping became a major

activity for many tourists and an
increasingly important item in the
economics and business of tourism
 GROUP activity:

What reasons drive modern travel?

(What will encourage you to travel?)
Thanks 