IMPACT OF THE FOUR VOLCANIC

HAZARDS TO WASTEWATER
NETWORK
WASTEWATER

• is any water that has been affected by human use. Wastewater is

"used water from any combination of domestic, industrial,
commercial or agricultural activities, surface
runoff or stormwater, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration"
HOW DOES VOLCANIC HAZARDS AFFECT
WASTEWATER NETWORK?

Wastewater is affected when Volcanic eruption occurs and causes:

• Ash Fall/Tephra Fall
• Lava Flow
• Lahar
• Pyroclastics Density Current
ASH FALL/TEPHRA FALL

• is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved

gases in magma expand and escape violently into the
atmosphere.
• Due to its wide dispersal, ash can have a number of impacts on
society, including human and animal health, disruption to
aviation, disruption to critical infrastructure (e.g., electric
power supply systems, telecommunications, water and waste-
water networks, transportation), primary industries (e.g.,
agriculture), buildings and structures.
LAVA FLOW

• are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an

erupting vent. Lava is erupted during either nonexplosive activity
or explosive lava fountains.
• When lava erupts beneath a glacier or flows over snow and ice,
meltwater from the ice and snow can result in far-reaching lahars.
• Thick viscous lava flows, especially those that build a dome, can
collapse to form fast-moving pyroclastic flows.
LAHAR

• is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of

pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows
down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.
• Lahars are extremely destructive: they can flow tens of meters
per second (22 mph or more), they have been known to be up to
140 meters (460 ft.) deep, and large flows tend to destroy any
structures in their path, and which covered entire towns and
killed thousands of people.
PYROCLASTICS DENSITY CURRENT

• are a common and devastating result of certain explosive

eruptions; they normally touch the ground and hurtle downhill, or
spread laterally under gravity. Their speed depends upon the
density of the current, the volcanic output rate, and the gradient
of the slope.
• Pyroclastic flows are a very dangerous phenomenon that occur
during some volcanic eruptions. The speed of these flows, as well
as the extremely high temperatures, make them almost impossible
to escape.