Gene

Engineering
Genetic Engineering
• Genetic Engineering, sometimes called genetic
modification, is the process of the DNA in an
organism’s genom.
• This may mean changing one base pair (A-T or C-G),
deleting the whole region of DNA, or introducing an
additional copy of gene.
• It may also mean extracting DNA from another
organism’s genome and combining it with the DNA of
that individual.
CRISPR
CRISPR is family of DNA sequences found
within the genomes of prokaryotic
organisms such as bacteria and archaea.
These sequences are drived from DNA
fragments of bacteriophages that have
previously infected the prokaryotic and are
used to detect and destroy DNA from
similar phages during subsequent
infections.
CAS 9
Cas9 is a protein which plays a vital role in
the immunological defense of certain
bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids
and which is heavily utilized in genetic
engineering applications. Its main function
is to cut DNA and therefore it can alter a
cell’s genome.
Genome Editing
Genome editing, or genome
engineering, or gene editing, is a
type of genetic engineering in
which DNA is inserted, deleted,
modified or replaced in the genome
of a living organism.
What else is Genetic
Engineering used for?
• The first genetically modified organism to be
created was bacterium, in 1973.
• In 1974, the same techniques were applied to
mice.
• In 1994 the first genetically foods were made
available.
Genetic Engineering in
Plants
• In plants, genetic engineering has been applied
tfibrosis, the resilience, nutritional value and growth
rate of crops such as potatoes, tomatoes and rice.
• In animals it is has been used to develop sheep that
produce a therapeutic protein in their milk that can
be used to treat cystic fibrosis, or worms that glow in
the dark to allowed scientists to learn about disease
such as Alzheimer’s.
Plant Application
• Golden rice is a
variety of rice
produced through
genetic engineering
to biosynthesize
beta-carotene, a
precursor of vitamin
A, in the edible parts
of rice.
Genetic Engineering in
Medicine
In medicine, genetic engineering has been
used to mass-produce insulin, human growth
hormones, follistim (for treating infertility),
human albumin, monoclonal antibodies,
antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and many
other drugs. In research, organisms are
genetically engineered to discover the
functions of certain genes.
Genetic Engineering in
Medicine
In pharmacy, these genetically modified
(transgenic) animals are mostly used to
make human proteins that have medicinal
value. The protein encoded by the
transgene is secreted into the animal’s
milks, egg, or blood, and then collected
and purified.
Transgenic Organism
• Organism altered by genetic engineering

• Genetic material changed by other than

natural breeding

• Gene Transfer
- Moving a gene from one organism to
another.
What Transgenic
means?
• “Trans”-means moving from one place to another.

• “Genic”-bit means gene.

• So it means that bits of genes from different living

things have been bolted together and spliced into
another organism to make a new one which does
something, which the scientists want us to do.
Organisms of Transgenic
Organism
• GMO – Genetically Modified Organism

• GEO – Genetically Enhanced Organism

For examples ;
Plants that resists a particular type of weed killer
Sheep which makes some special substance its
milk.
5 stages of Genetic
Engineering
1.Isolation
2.Cutting
3.Ligation and Insertion
4.Transformation
5.Expression