Group Members:

Camus, Clarissa Claire R.

Gonzales, Aileen J.

Padua, Ian Gabriel P.

Geographical Information System (GIS) provides a digital representation of landfor
m which could be used in hydrological modelling. The database available in GIS en
vironment facilities assimilation of different thematic databases to understand inte
rrelationships. GIS plays an important role in information management, analysis, a
nd providing solutions to the planning of natural resources. The application of GIS
for land use surveys, and mapping is gaining importance, largely because of its abili
ty to provide rapid and reliable data within a given time framework.

(Jain, 1996)

A Geographical Information System (GIS) can be defined as a system, which facili

ties the storage and intelligent use of geographic data and human activities.

(Srivastava, 2003)

Geographical information System (GIS) is a tool that allow for the processing of
spatial data into information.

(Samarakoon, 2005)
Geographical Information System (GIS) has the ability to manipulate spatial data and
corresponding attribute information to integrate different types of data in a single an
alysis at high speed, which is unmatched with manual methods.

(Rashed et al, 2006)

Geographic Information System are computer-based tools for mapping and analyzing
features and events on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations
such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic anal
ysis benefits offered by maps.

(Monroe County, 2008)

The essential features of Geographical Information System (GIS) are the use of sophisti
cated computer hardware and software to collect, store, manipulate and process for g
eographic data.

(Singh, 2010)
 A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipu
late, analyze, manage and present all types of geographically referenced data. In simplest ter
ms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology. GIS techn
ology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, and development plan
ning. GIS improves calculations for watershed characteristics, flow statistics, debris flow prob
ability etc. the recent technologies like Remote Sensing and GIS helps us by giving a quicker a
nd cost-effective analysis for various applications with accuracy for planning. It also gives a b
etter perspective for understanding the problems and therefore helps planners evolve a bett
er solution for sustainable development. With the advancement of computers and availabilit
y of large volumes of digital data, GIS application in watershed management has changed fro
m operational support to prescriptive modeling and tactical or strategic decision support sys
tem.

Thus, the use of GIS is needed to collect data, store, manage, analyze and produce us
eful information. In other words, the process of GIS is to input sets of raw data to produce u
seful output information.
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF
GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
TRADITIONAL CARTOGRAPHY AND
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

GIS is a modern extension of traditional

cartography with one fundamental similarity and
two essential difference.
SIMILARITY DIFFERENCES

- GIS uses analysis and sta

tistics to present data.
Both cartographic docume
nt and GIS contain exampl - When it comes to the am
es of a base map ount of additional data, GIS
has no limit while cartograp
hic maps have limits.
 FOUR DISTINCT PHASES
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
PHASE 4:
LATE 1980s

PHASE 3:
Focus on ways of improving
BET. 1982 UNTIL
THE LATE 1980s the usability of technology

PHASE 2:
Development and exploitation
FROM THE MID-1970s
TO EARLY 1980s of the commercial market.

PHASE 1:
BET. EARLY 1960s Adoption of technologies.
AND THE MID-1970s

New discipline being dominated.

 DATA
- organized in a database

SOFTWARE
THE - a program or group of programs

COMPONENTS
OF A GIS PLATFORM
- the hardware

USER
- people who operates the GIS
HOW DOES GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS) WORK?

1.) ASK
What are the problems you are trying to solve, and where is it
located?

2.) ACQUIRE
Find data needed to complete your project.

3.) EXAMINE
You will only know for certain that your data is appropriate for
your study after thoroughly examining it.
HOW DOES GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS) WORK?

4.) ANALYZE
Geographic analysis is the core strength of GIS. Depending on
your project, there are many different analysis methods to
choose from.
5.) ACT
The results of your analysis can be shared through reports,
maps, tables, and charts and delivered in printed format or
digitally over a network or on the web.
Figure 8.1 Geographic Information System Data Layers or Themes
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

• Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Nonpoint Source Pollution Control

• Storm water Management
• Watershed Management
• Spill Control Planning & Response
• Hazardous Material Management
• Air Pollution Management & Planning
• Wetlands Delineation
• Forestry Management
• Mining & Geologic Resource Management
• Wildlife Habitat Management
 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• Watershed development has been conceived basically as a strategy for protecting the
livelihood of the people inhabiting the fragile ecosystem experiencing soil erosion and
moisture stress.

• GIS improves calculations for watershed characteristics, flow statistics, debris flow
probability etc. the recent technologies like Remote Sensing and GIS helps us by giving a
quicker and cost-effective analysis for various applications with accuracy for planning. It
also gives a better perspective for understanding the problems and therefore helps
planners evolve a better solution for sustainable development.