Kinetika Kimia

Chemical
Kinetics
 Kinetika

•Studi kecepatan pada proses kejadian ki

miawi
•Kinetika juga memebrikan gambaran me
kansime reaksi: Bagaimana reaksi itu terj
adi

Chemical
Kinetics
 Outline: Kinetics
Bagaimana mengukur kecepatan reaks
Laju Reaksi i
Bagaimana kecepatan bergantung pad
Hukum Laju Reaksi a jumlah reaktan.
Bagaimana menghitung jumlah yang t
Hukum laju reaksi terintegrasi ersisa atau waktu untuk mencapai ju
mlah yang diberikan
How long it takes to react 50% of reac
tants.
Waktu Paruh
Berapa lama reaksi terjadi pada 50% r
eaktan bereaksi.
Bagaimana konstanta laju reaksi beru
Persamaan Arrhenius bah terhadap T
Hubungan antara laju reaksi dan Chemical
prose
Mekanisme s skala molekuler Kinetics
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi laju reaksi
• Konsentrasi Reaktan
 As the concentration of reactants increases, so does the likelihood
that reactant molecules will collide.
• Temperatur
 At higher temperatures, reactant molecules have more kinetic ener
gy, move faster, and collide more often and with greater energy.
• Katalis
 Speed rxn by changing
mechanism.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Laju Reaksi

Rates of reactions can be determined by monitori

ng the change in concentration of either reactant
s or products as a function of time. [A] vs t

Chemical
Kinetics
 Laju Reaksi
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)
[C4H9Cl] M
In this reaction, the co
ncentration of butyl c
hloride, C4H9Cl, was m
easured at various tim
es, t.

Chemical
Kinetics
Chemical
Kinetics
 Laju Reaksi
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

• Note that the average rate

decreases as the reaction
proceeds.
• This is because as the reac
tion goes forward, there ar
e fewer collisions between
reactant molecules.

Chemical
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 Laju Rekasi dan Stoikiometri
C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

• In this reaction, the ratio

of C4H9Cl to C4H9OH is 1:1.
• Thus, the rate of disappea
rance of C4H9Cl is the sam
e as the rate of appearanc
e of C4H9OH.

-[C4H9Cl] [C4H9OH]
Rate = =
t t Chemical
Kinetics
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Chemical
Kinetics
 Konsentrasi dan Laju Reaksi

Each reaction has its own equation that gi

ves its rate as a function of reactant con
centrations.

this is called its Rate Law

To determine the rate law we measure the rate
at different starting concentrations.

Chemical
Kinetics
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Proses First-Order
Consider the process in whi
ch methyl isonitrile is conve
rted to acetonitrile.

CH3NC CH3CN

How do we know this

is a first order rxn?

Chemical
Kinetics
 Proses First-Oder
CH3NC CH3CN

This data was collecte

d for this reaction at 1
98.9°C.

Does
rate=k[CH3NC]
for all time intervals?

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 Penentuan Orde Reaksi
The decomposition of NO2 at 300°C is described by th
e equation
NO2 (g) NO (g) + 1/2 O2 (g)
and yields these data:

Time (s) [NO2], M

0.0 0.01000
50.0 0.00787
100.0 0.00649
200.0 0.00481
Chemical
300.0 0.00380 Kinetics
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Kinetics
Waktu-Paruh
• Half-life is defined as t
he time required for o
ne-half of a reactant t
o react.
• Because [A] at t1/2 is o
ne-half of the original
[A],
[A]t = 0.5 [A]0.

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Temperatur dan Laju

• Generally, as temperature i
ncreases, so does the reacti
on rate.
• This is because k is tempera
ture dependent.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Model Kolisi

• In a chemical reaction, bonds are broke

n and new bonds are formed.
• Molecules can only react if they collide
with each other.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Model Kolisi

Furthermore, molecules must collide with the cor

rect orientation and with enough energy to cause
bond breakage and formation.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Energi Aktivasi
• In other words, there is a minimum amount of energy req
uired for reaction: the activation energy, Ea.
• Just as a ball cannot get over a hill if it does not roll up the
hill with enough energy, a reaction cannot occur unless th
e molecules possess sufficient energy to get over the activ
ation energy barrier.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Diagram koordinat reaksi

It is helpful to visualiz
e energy changes thr
oughout a process on
a reaction coordinate
diagram like this one
for the rearrangemen
t of methyl isonitrile.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Diagram koordinat reaksi
• It shows the energy of the
reactants and products (an
d, therefore, E).
• The high point on the diag
ram is the transition state.

• The species present at the transition state is call

ed the activated complex.
• The energy gap between the reactants and the
activated complex is the activation energy barrie
Chemical
r. Kinetics
 Distribusi Maxwell–Boltzmann

• Temperature is defin
ed as a measure of t
he average kinetic e
nergy of the molecul
es in a sample.

• At any temperature there is a wide distributio

n of kinetic energies. Chemical
Kinetics
Distribusi Maxwell–Boltzmann

• As the temperature in
creases, the curve flat
tens and broadens.
• Thus at higher tempe
ratures, a larger popu
lation of molecules ha
s higher energy.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Distribusi Maxwell–Boltzmann
• If the dotted line represents the activation energy,
as the temperature increases, so does the fraction
of molecules that can overcome the activation ener
gy barrier.

• As a result, the re
action rate increa
ses.

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Kinetics
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 Reaction Mechanisms

The sequence of events that describes t

he actual process by which reactants be
come products is called the reaction me
chanism.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Reaction Mechanisms

• Reactions may occur all at once or thro

ugh several discrete steps.
• Each of these processes is known as an
elementary reaction or elementary proc
ess.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Reaction Mechanisms

• The molecularity of a process tells how many molecul

es are involved in the process.

• The rate law for an elementary step is written directly fro

m that step.
Chemical
Kinetics
 Multistep Mechanisms

• In a multistep process, one of the steps will be slo

wer than all others.
• The overall reaction cannot occur faster than this
slowest, rate-determining step.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Slow Initial Step
NO2 (g) + CO (g) NO (g) + CO2 (g)

• The rate law for this reaction is found experimental

ly to be
Rate = k [NO2]2
• CO is necessary for this reaction to occur, but the
rate of the reaction does not depend on its concen
tration.
• This suggests the reaction occurs in two steps.
Chemical
Kinetics
 Slow Initial Step
• A proposed mechanism for this reaction is
Step 1: NO2 + NO2 NO3 + NO (slow)
Step 2: NO3 + CO NO2 + CO2 (fast)
• The NO3 intermediate is consumed in the second step.
• As CO is not involved in the slow, rate-determining step, it does not a
ppear in the rate law.

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 Katalis
• Catalysts increase the rate of a reaction by decrea
sing the activation energy of the reaction.
• Catalysts change the mechanism by which the pro
cess occurs.

Chemical
Kinetics
 Katalis

One way a catalyst c

an speed up a reacti
on is by holding the
reactants together
and helping bonds t
o break.

Chemical
Kinetics
Enzim
• Enzymes are catalysts
in biological systems.
• The substrate fits into
the active site of the e
nzyme much like a key
fits into a lock.

Chemical
Kinetics