How do living things reproduce?

Reproduction
Ferdinand V. Escalante, LPT
Vinzons Pilot High School
PPT 3 11/25/2019
 Reproduction in living organisms
happens in two interesting ways:
• Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction
Which of these organisms reproduce
asexually? Sexually?
 Differences
between Asexual and Sexual
Reproduction.
 Asexual Reproduction
• Only ONE parent is involved.
• There are no sex cells released and there is
no fertilization involved.
• Asexual reproduction is common in
simpler life forms such as yeast,
amoebas, and bacteria.
• The offspring are produced by cell
division. As a result, the offspring are
identical to the parent and have the
identical genetic makeup (DNA). The
biological term for two organisms with
the same DNA is 'clone'.
 Sexual Reproduction
• Here, TWO parents are involved.
• One parent, often the male one produces
a male cell (known as sperm cell). The
other parent which is a female produces
the egg cell (known as ovum). Both cells
are called gametes.
• These gametes join in a process called
fertilization.
• Complex life forms such as humans,
reptiles, and mammals reproduce
sexually.
• The offsprings from sexual reproduction
are not identical to the parents, because
the DNA (genetic traits) come from two
different individuals.
 What is the importance of
Reproduction?
• Reproduction ensures that living organisms
are maintained so that as older ones die, new
offsprings are produced to replace them.
• It is an essential life process which not only
helps in survival but also helps in continuity
of that race and group immortality
• Avoid extinction
 What is Asexual Reproduction?
• Asexual Reproduction in living
organisms is the making of their offspring
(young ones) from the cell of only one
parent without the need for the opposite
gender.
• Mode of reproduction that does not
involve the use of gametes or sex cells.
 What are the types of asexual
reproduction?
1. Binary Fission
2. Budding
3. Regeneration
4. Spore Formation (sporulation)
5. Fragmentation
6. Vegetative Propagation
7. Artificial Propagation.
 What is Fission?
• Fission in simple terms is the splitting of
a cell into two or more cells. Each small
cell is known as a daughter cell
What is Binary Fission?
• In Binary Fission,
the cell divides
itself into two,
equal, identical
parts with the
same DNA.
 What is Multiple Fission?
• In Multiple Fission, the cell divides into many cells by mitosis.
In multiple fission, a
protective covering called
a cyst develops over the
cell. The nucleus then
divides itself into many
more nuclei which
becomes the core of
many daughter cells
contained in the cyst. As
the cyst breaks, the
daughter cells are
released. Example of
multiple fission can be
seen in some protozoans
such as plasmodium
(malaria parasites)
 What is Budding?
• In this type of asexual reproduction, the
parent organism divides itself into two
unequal parts.
Illustration of a budding in hydra, a multi-cellular organism
• Budding can occur in both unicellular
and multi-cellular organisms.
• Organisms such as yeast (unicellular
organism), hydra (multicellular
organism), sponges, and some worms
(flatworm) reproduce in this way.
• The two new organisms will have
identical DNA.
Illustration of a budding in yeast, a unicellular organism
In yeast, the mature
cells are larger and
oval/spherical in
shape. The cell
develops the tiny
bulb, then the
nucleus divides itself
and attaches itself
to the daughter bud
and finally separates
into a new
individual.
 What is Regeneration?
• Regeneration is asexual reproduction is
the ability of a simple organism to re-
grow its lost parts.
• Simple organisms are more successful
with regeneration than complex
organisms.
• For example, some crabs can grow new claws
or body parts after the original parts are lost.
Regeneration of lost body parts occurs mostly
in invertebrates. Note that the broken off claw
may not be able to grow into a new lobster.
• Some lizards (such as the leopard gecko) can
grow new tails when they lose them
(autotomy).
Illustration of regeneration in
leopard gecko
• One great example of regeneration in
living organisms is the Planarium, a type
of flatwork which scientists* love to
study.
• If this flatwork is cut into two with a
razor, the head will regrow a new tail
and the tail will regrow a new head in
just a couple of weeks.
Illustration of regeneration in
flatworm
 What is Fragmentation?
• This type of asexual reproduction is
similar to Regeneration, but there is a
clear difference. Unlike regeneration, the
parent organism can be divided into
many pieces and each piece will develop
into a complete individual.
 Recollect
22. Chloroplasts are only present in plant cells.
a. False
b. In some cases
c. Maybe
d. True
• A great example of fragmentation can be
seen in spirogyra. Spirogyra is a green alga
(algae) that floats freely on freshwater
ponds. Under a microscope, it can be seen
as a rectangular cell with a nucleus in the
vacuole located in the centre. The
rectangular cells are joined together in long
strands called filament. When a filament is
divided into many pieces, each piece will
grow into individual filaments.
Illustration of spirogyra* cell and
filament
 Why are algae cannot be
considered as plant?
Why are algae considered plant-like?
The main reason is that they contain
chloroplasts and produce food through
photosynthesis.
Why are algae cannot be considered as plant?
They lack many other structures of true plants.
Algae do not have roots, stems, or leaves.
 What is the difference of
Fragmentation and Regeneration
• Fragmentation is when an organism is split
into fragments, and each fragment grows into
complete, individual organisms that are
clones of the original organism.
• Regeneration is the process of regrowth that
organisms that allows for partial or complete
regrowth of tissue after a damaging event.
 What is Spore Formation?
• This may look similar to seed formation
in flowering plants, but spore production
only occurs in non-flowing plants and in
other microscopic organisms.
• Examples of such organisms include
fungi, green algae, moulds, protozoa,
and ferns.
• Scientists believe that the ability for bacteria to
sporulate (produce spores) make them thrive
in diverse ecosystems and also make them
survive adverse conditions and
environmental fluctuations.
• The term sporulation is often used to mean
the production of spores by bacteria when
conditions are harsh. Such spores can remain
dormant until conditions are favorable.
• An example of bacteria
that sporulates up to about 9 endospores
is Metabacterium polyspora.
• In this bacteria, the cell produces spores
at the poles. The spores divide to
produce more spores, elongate and
develop into mature endospores.
Illustration of sporulation in a
bacteria
 What is separation in vegetative
propagation?
• Some plants produce vegetative plant
structures for two major reasons:
for (1)vegetative propagation and
as (2)food storage for the plants. Some of
these vegetative structures include bulbs
corms, rhizomes, suckers and tubers.
• In all the above vegetative
structures, two ways of getting
shoots from the parent plant could
be used.
• They are ‘Separation’ or ‘Division’.
It is important to use the right words
to describe the process.
 What is Separation?
• In separation, the new shoot is just
removed (detached) from the parent for
planting.
• Some bulbs also produce smaller
bulbs called bulblets that attach to the
base of the parent bulb.
Bulbs of daffodils, tulips
and lilies can be
separated in this way.
•They can also be separated for
propagation.
•Cormels (baby corms that
attach to the parent corm) can
also be separated for
propagation.
• Iris and Lily of the valley
rhizomes can be divided in the
way.
• Stem tubers such as that of potato
can be divided and the eyes in
each section can produce a shoot
for propagation.
• https://gardenologist.org/bulbs-corms-rhizomes-tubers-tuberous-roots/
 Division is
What is Division also a
generic term
that is often
used when a
cluster of
plants are
cut away
into small
units to
begin new
growth and
to rejuvenate
the plant.
 What is Vegetative Propagation?
• New plants can be produced from vegetative
structures such as the roots, stems, and leaves of
some plants. The process can be natural or artificial.
• Roots:
Some roots, such as those of sweet potato, begonia
and dahlia, have swollen roots that serve as storage
structures. Tubers can develop into new plants that
have identical genetic makeup as the parents. Tubers
with buds at the base of the stems can also be
separated and new plants produced from them.
Begonia and Dahlia
Stems:
In many plants,
the stems have
buds on them.
Onions, daffodils,
and strawberries
have stems that
can start new
offsprings. Types of
stems that can
reproduce
include
 Advantages of Asexual
Reproduction
• More offsprings
• Within a short period, more individuals can be
produced from a single parent.
• Identical Offsprings
• The individual organisms have the same genetic
makeup as the parent. Good genetic traits are
preserved.
• Less time and energy
• There is no need for the parent to find a mate
for reproduction. Additionally, no parental
care is needed as the offsprings are well-
developed individuals. There is no baby stage.
• Easy dispersal
• Offsprings can be easily moved to other
locations to start new colonies. No need for
male and female movement.
 Disadvantages of Asexual
Reproduction.
• Less Resistant
• Changes in environmental conditions
can be catastrophic to the organisms as
there are no variations in their genes.
• A disease can easily wipe out the entire
colony of that organism.
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
• Better resistance and adaptation
• The offsprings from sexual reproduction
have different genetic makeup from
parents and siblings. This means the
offsprings are able to withstand adverse
environmental conditions and diseases.
• Variety
• There is variety in the offsprings because
of reshuffling (mixing) of genes and this
helps the new organisms in natural
selection and evolution.
 Disadvantages of Sexual
Reproduction
• Less common
• The requirement of both male and
female sexes make sexual reproduction
less common than asexual reproduction.
It takes more time and energy for
opposite sexes to find and compete for a
chance to mate.
• Longer gestation periods
• It usually takes a longer time for the
offspring to develop and mature enough
to be born. For example, elephants take
624 days to the baby to develop and be
born.
Thanks for
listening
 Title and Content Layout with List
• Click to edit Master text styles
o Second level
• Third level
o Fourth level
• Fifth level
 Title and Content Layout with Chart
6

0
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

 Two Content Layout with Table
Class Group A Group B • First bullet point here
Class 1 82 85 • Second bullet point here
• Third bullet point here
Class 2 76 88

Class 3 84 90
 Two Content Layout with SmartArt
• First bullet point here
Group Task 1
• Second bullet point here A Task 2
• Third bullet point here
Task 1 Group
Task 2 B

Group Task 1
C Task 2