Presented to- Presented By-

Prof. Mukesh Ranga Shruti Chaturvedi

Swati Gautam
 Concept of group dynamics
 What is group???
 Types of group
 why people join groups??
 Group Structure
 Theory of group formation
 Stages of group formation
 Principles of group dynamics
 Features of group dynamics
 Conclusion
 It was founded by Kurt Lewin to study group decision,
group productivity, group interaction, group cohesiveness and group
communication. The underlying assumption was that the laws of the
group behavior can be established independently of the goals or
specific activities of group irrespective of the structure of the group.
Group dynamics contains two terms: group
and dynamics.
Group is basically a collectivity of two or more persons. Dynamics
comes from Greek word meaning FORCE.
Thus, “Group dynamics is concerned with the interactions of
forces among group members in a social situation.”
 Two or more people

Shared goals
Group

People see themselves

As members

There is interaction
Among members
 Group

Formal Informal

Command Interest

Task Friendship
 The people often join groups since the groups give the members a stability
and
enhances their achievement capacity. The main reasons to join a group
are:

 Have a sense of security

 Have a status
 Develop Self-esteem
 Power
 Goal achievement
Four different aspects of group structure are:
 Norms
 Roles
 Status
 Cohesiveness
Set of beleifs, feelings, and attitudes commonly shared by
group members. These are also referred to as rules or
standards of behaviour that apply to group members.
Norms serve three functions namely

Predictive- basis for understanding Relational- some norms

the behaviour of others define relationships

Control- regulate the

behaviour of others
 Represents characteristics of group
 Basis for predicting and controlling behaviour of others
 Related to behaviours considered important for their
grp
 They are applied to all memebrs.
-various parts played by group members.

There are two elements that define this role identity-

 Role Perception-An individual is expected to behave

according to his own perception in the group.
 Role Expectation-It is defined as how others believe
one
should behave in a given situation.
Status is “ a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group
members by others.” Group members get high status or low status in
the Group based on their authority and performance.
High status members of the group have more freedom to
deviate
from the norms. This facility enables them to have the
discriminatory powers in decision making. Low status members of the
group should not have freedom to deviate from the norms as it leads to
status inequality.
 COHESION

SOCIAL TASK

the bonds of interpersonal the way in which skills and

attraction that link abilities of the group
group members members mesh to allow
optimal performance
 Who won, and why?

Did your group act like this… … Or like this?

Groups with High Cohesiveness Get Better

Results!
 Low
 High Cohesiveness Cohesiveness
- Unity - Negative Feelings
- Interactive - More Problems
- Positive Feelings - Less Productive
- Ability to Cope with
Problems
- More Productive
 Balance Theory:
Propounded by “ Theodore New-Comb” which states that- “
Persons are attracted with one another on the basis of
similar
attitudes towards commonly relevant objectives and goals.”
IND IV IDUA L IN D IV IDUAL
X Y

z
CC)MMO N ATTITU DLS AN D
VALUI S
Religion
Politics
I ifcslyle
Marriage
\Nork
Authori ty
 Propounded by “ Thaibaunt and Kelly”. This
theory is based on reward-cost outcomes of
interaction between employees.
 The intraction between people is reward.
 Stage V
Stage IV Adjourning

Stage III Performing

Norming Group
may
Stage II Group disband
Storming members
Stage I Members either
Forming Members Work work after
come to Together towards meeting
Members Resist developing Getting their goals
get to know Control by Close their jobs or because
each other & group done
Relationships members
set ground Leaders &
Show & feelings of Leave
rules Cohesiveness
hostility
 1 . The members of the group must have a strong sense of
belonging to the group .The barrier between the leaders and
to be led must be broken down.
 2. The more attraction a group is to its members, the greater
influence it would exercise on its members.
 3. The grater the prestige of the group member in the eyes
of the member in the eyes of the members , the grater
influence he would exercise on the theme.
 4.The successful efforts to change individuals sub parts of
the group would result in making them confirm to the norms
of the group.
 5. The pressures for change when strong can be established
in the group by creating a shared perception by the members
for the need for the change.
 Concerned with group

 Changes

 Rigidity or flexibility

 Continuous process
 The groups operate on a common task and common attitudes.
The group dynamics is concerned with the interaction between the group
members in a social situation. This is concerned with the gaining in the
knowledge of the group, how they develop and their effect on the
individual members and the organization in which they function.
The group dynamics is essential to study since it helps to find
how the relationships are made within a group and how the forces act
within the group members in a social setting. This helps to recognize
the formation of group and how a group should be organized, lead and
promoted.
 In 1980 , Richard semler joined SEMCO , founded by his father 27
years earlier, having 100 employees and manufacturing hydraulic
pumps for ships, producing about $4million in revenue and tottered on
the edge of bankruptcy.
 For the next 2 years, top managers constantly sought bank loans
and fought off rumors that the company was about to sink.
 They also travelled 4 continents that enabled the company to reduce
its cyclical marine business to 60% of total sales.
 Today SEMCO has many factories producing range of products like
marine pumps, digital scanners, commercial dishwashers, truck filters
and mixing equipment for substances ranging from bubble gum to rocket
fuel.
 Customers include Alcoa,saab,general motors and SEMCO is regarded
as one of the best company in Brazil to work for by press.
 The company’s survival and ultimate success is due largely to a major change in
its management approach.
 SEMCO emphasized on 3 fundamental values- democracy , information , profit
sharing. These values helped in gaining confidence on work groups as a
primary mechanism for managing the company.
 After some experimentations SEMCO found that they need 150 employees per
factory and all are divided into 10 member group given a major responsibilities
for outcomes associated with their areas.

 Costs rose up because of duplication of effort and lost economies of scale. within
a year sales got doubled ,inventory dropped from126 to 46 days,8 new products
appeared that had been tied up in R&D for 2 years and the product rejection rate at
inspection dropped from 33 to 1% and increased productivity enabled the
company to reduce the workforce by 32& through attrition and early retirement.
 At SEMCO once the members of a group agree on a monthly production
schedule, they meet it . At end of the month every body has done their work
allotted except for motors that had not yet arrived, despite repeated phone calls to
the supplier.
 finally 2 employees went to the supplier’s plant and got delivery on the last day of
 work groups have access to important information like Balance Sheet,P&L analysis,
cash flow statements for his or her division every month.

 All workers voluntarily attend monthly classes so that they can learn to read
and understand the numbers.

 Another factor is that although top level managers are strict about meeting the
financial targets, workers have wide latitude in determining the necessary actions and
carrying them out.

 Profit sharing plan, twice a year employees receive about 25% of the after tax
profits for their division.

 Employees vote on how to disburse the funds, which are visually distributed equally.

 A survey was conducted by college graduates by Brazilian magazine found that 25%
of men and 13% of women cited SEMCO as the company they most wanted to work
for.