THE DEP-ED

INTEL
FORMAT
(PART 1)
Easy, breezy, beautiful
Previous Format
Title
Table of Contents

List of Figures and Tables

Abstract
Previous Format
 Chapter 1 – The Problem and its Setting
 Chapter 2 – Review of Related
Literature
 Chapter 3 – Materials and Methods

 Chapter 4 – Results and Discussion

 Chapter 5 – Conclusions and

Recommendations
Previous Format
 Acknowledgment
 Bibliography

 Appendices
Dep-Ed - Intel Format
 Title
 Table of Contents

 List of Figures and Tables

 Abstract
Dep-Ed - Intel Format
 Research Plan
Materialsand Methods
Treatments / General procedures
Dep-Ed - Intel Format
 Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Significance
Scope and Limitations
Review of Related Literature
Dep-Ed - Intel Format
 Results and Discussion
 Conclusions

 Recommendations

 Bibliography

 Acknowledgments
Writing with the Dep-Ed Intel Format
Write what you mean, mean what you write
The Title

Brief Simple

Catchy Leading
TITLE

 Make or Break part

 Says a lot about your research

project
TITLE

 Formulated before the start of the

research
 It may be revised and refined
later if there is a need
TITLE

 It must be brief and concise as

possible.
 Avoid the terms – a study of, an

analysis of, an investigation of, etc.

Examples
 The antimicrobial effect of Sampaguita
(Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus
aureus
 Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative
flour ingredient for bread
 The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera
indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)
Improvements 
 The antimicrobial effect of Sampaguita
(Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus
aureus
 In vitro antrimicrobial activity of Sampaguita
(Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract
against Staphylococcus aureus
 Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of
Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves
ethanolic extract
Improvements 

 Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an

alternative flour ingredient for bread
 Analysis of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
flour as an alternative ingredient in
breadmaking
 Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour and

commercial flour in breadmaking: a

comparative study
Improvements 
 The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.)
growth on corn (Zea mays L.)
 Screening of antifungal activity of Mango (Mangifera
indica L.) fruit extract against yeast (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)
 Characterization of corn (Zea mays L.) resistance
against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth: An
antifungal study via mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit
extract
Table of Contents

 Lists the title of the different parts

including the title of each important
subdivision with the corresponding page
number
 Example
Introduction ------------------------------------------------- 5
Background of the Study ------------------------------- 5
Statement of the Problem ------------------------------ 7
Significance of the Study ------------------------------- 8
Scope and Limitations ----------------------------------- 9
Review of Related Literature ------------------------- 10
The Mango: a versatile fruit --------------------- 11
Corn damage by yeast --------------------------- 13
Abstract

short concise

summary 250 words

max
Abstract

Purpose of the study

Brief description of the

methods
Results

Important conclusions
Abstract

Purpose of the study

An introductory statement of the
reason for investigating the topic
of the project.
A statement of the problem or
hypothesis being studied.
Abstract
 Brief description of the methods
 A summarization of the key points and an overview
of how the investigation was conducted.
 Omit details about the materials used unless it
greatly influenced the procedure or had to be
developed to do the investigation.
 An abstract should only include procedures done by
the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical
procedures) or work done prior to student
involvement must not be included.
Abstract

 Results
This section should provide key results that
lead directly to the conclusions you have
drawn.
It should not give too many details about
the results nor include charts or graphs.
 Important conclusions
Example - Title

 POTENTIAL ANTIANGEONIC
PROPERTY OF Cassia alata L.
HEXANE EXTRACT ON THE
EMBRYONIC BLOOD VESSELS OF
DUCK, Anas dometicus EMBRYOS
Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko)
was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the
extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of
ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages
of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck
using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared
to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline
(PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with
the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood
vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos
treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the
proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results
suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good
candidate antiangiogenic agent that may confer its potential
as an antitumor agent.
Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko)
was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the
extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of
ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml
dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-
day old duck using a modified windowing technique.
Results were compared to the negative control that used
phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups.
Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of
hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose
dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest
dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of
extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that
Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good candidate
antiangiogenic agent that may confer its potential as an
antitumor agent.
 Research Plan
 Describe the research
design (or defend)

 Provide enough details so

that a competent worker
can repeat the
experiments
 Research Plan

Materials and Treatments /

Equipment General
Procedures
 Research Plan
 Materials and Equipment
 Overview of the Experiment
Population/Sample location
Restrictions/Limiting conditions
Sampling technique
Materials
Research Plan
Treatment / General

Procedures
Procedures
Variables / Groups
Statistical Treatment
General Guidelines in writing the
Research Plan
 Past Tense, active or passive voice.
 Third Person perspective.

 Clear and not too wordy

 Include only what is necessary for one

recreating the experiment to know.

Example:

“...the weighing out of the agarose was

undertaken until 5g was measured out and
the agarose was then later added to the
Solution...”
Example:

“...5g agarose was added to the

solution...”
General Guidelines in writing the
Research Plan

Materials and equipment

utilized during the experiment
should be mentioned
throughout the procedure as
they are used.
Example

Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Leaves

and Fruit Extract:
Its Antibacterial Effect on
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, and Salmonella enteritidis
WRONG!
Materials and Equipment
 Distilled Water

 Kamias fruits (Sample)

 Blender

 Cheesecloth

 Bottles

 Refrigerator
 CORRECT 
Materials and Equipment
Preparation of Kamias Fruit Extract
 One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) fruit were
gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The
fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-
dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground
and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were
then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The
Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a
sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4
degrees C for 24 hours.
General Guidelines in writing the
Research Plan

For materials, include the exact

specifications and quantities.
Avoid the use of trade names –
use chemical, generic, or
scientific names.
WRONG!
Materials and Equipment
Kamias fruits were collected from the farm.
Wilkin’s Distilled water was used to wash
the fruits. Using a blender, the fruits were
ground.
 CORRECT 
Materials and Equipment
Preparation of Kamias Fruit Extract
 One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) fruit were
gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The
fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-
dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground
and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were
then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The
Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a
sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4
degrees C for 24 hours.
General Guidelines in writing the
Research Plan

Do not explain too much about

why you have used a certain
method. You can put these
explanations into your Results
section.
Example
 One kilogram of Kamias leaves and fruits were
gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base),
Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then
washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is
very important because it will remove contaminants
from the leaves which may affect the result of the
experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria,
fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold
standard in washing the samples according to
studies.
WRONG!
 Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the
EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria,
Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with
distilled water and dried. Washing is very
important because it will remove contaminants from
the leaves which may affect the result of the
experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria,
fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold
standard in washing the samples according to
studies.
CORRECT 
 Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the
EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria,
Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with
distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors,
the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the
leaves were ground into a fine powder. The
resulting powder was then extracted with the use of
cheesecloth. The Kamias leaves extract was then
poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored
in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24
hours.
General Guidelines in writing the
Research Plan
 Be precise. If something was
heated or cooled, give the
temperature.
 “How” or “how much” should be

answered in your methods.

CORRECT 
 One kilogram of Kamias leaves and fruits were
gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base),
Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then
washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair
of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a
blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder.
The resulting powder was then extracted with the
use of cheesecloth. All of the resulting Kamias
leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a
sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4
degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.
General Guidelines in writing the
Research Plan
 Do not include any results.
 Make use of figures and tables,

they are the most efficient way to

convey bulky detailed
information.
Research Plan

Materials and Equipment

Treatment and General
Procedures
Materials and Equipment

 Study Site
 Preparation of Extracts

 Preparation of Test Organisms

Materials and Equipment
Study Site
This study was conducted at the Department of Science
and Technology - Zamboanga City. The specimens of E.
coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis were obtained at the
Department of Science and Technology…
Materials and Equipment
Preparation of Extracts
Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin
Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves
were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of
scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the
leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder
was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias
leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle
and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24
hours.
Materials and Equipment
Preparation of Test Organisms
The test organisms namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus and Salmonella enteritidis were taken from pure cultures
using spread method, and were provided by the DOST-
Zamboanga City. The laboratory officer-in-charge assisted the
researchers in spreading the bacteria from pure cultures to two
test tubes filled with nutrient agar. These test tubes were
incubated at 35.5 degrees centigrade for 24 hours.
Treatment and General Procedures
Preparation of Treatments
The different concentrations of the leaves and fruits extracts
were prepared and they were named :Treatment A - 100%
water served (negative control); Treatment B - 100% Kamias
leaves extract; Treatment C - 50% Distilled water and 50%
Kamias leaves extract; Treatment D - 100% antibiotic (positive
control); Treatment E - 100% Kamias fruit extract and;
Treatment F - 50% Distilled water and 50% Kamias fruit
extract.
Treatment and General Procedures
Microbiological Assay
... With the use of syringe, 0.5 mL of each bacterial
specimen was transferred to its corresponding petri
dish. The specimens were spread evenly using cotton
buds…
Treatment and General Procedures
Statistical Analyses
This study utilized both descriptive and
inferential statistics in analyzing and interpreting
the data. Mean was chosen as the measure of
central tendency. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
and Scheffe’s Test were conducted to analyze
and interpret the results.
Introduction
 Informs the reader of the problem
under study
 Sets the scene for the project
Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Significance
Scope and Limitations
Review of Related Literature
Background of the Study

• Warm-up
1 • Introduce the problem

• Statement
2 • Scope / Limits

• Purpose
3 • Challenge the readers
Background of the Study

• Warm-up
1 • Introduce the problem

• Statement
2 • Scope / Limits

• Purpose
3 • Challenge the readers
Background of the Study

• Warm-up
1 • Introduce the problem

• Statement
2 • Scope / Limits

• Purpose
3 • Challenge the readers
Background of the Study

• Warm-up
1 • Introduce the problem

• Statement
2 • Scope / Limits

• Purpose
3 • Challenge the readers
Statement of the Problem
 This is one of the most important
parts of a research report. This is
the focus of the study and all
questions should be categorically
answered.
Statement of the Problem

Statement of the Problem

Specific
Questions
Specific
Questions
Significance of the Study
 Contributions may be viewed from
the point of the target beneficiaries
like the researcher himself, service
providers, client, implementors, the
community, etc.
Significance of the Study
 The results of this study could help
them realize . . .
 The useful and relevant
information acquired from the
study will encourage them to
continue . . .
 The study will encourage them to .
..
Significance of the Study
 This study will enhance
involvement in the . . .
 Results could help benefit . . .

 It will also serve as basis in the

study of . . .
Significance of the Study
 This study will also afford the
management to know ..
 Similar organizations will benefit

from the study in …

 Researches may find the study useful

as …
Significance of the Study
 This study will contribute to …
 The results hopefully, will be of value to …

 Through this study, students will become aware

of …
 The results of this study will provide some
insights and information on how they …
 The findings may also serve as a guide to …
Scope and Limitations

Scope = coverage
Subjects facilities Objectives

samples Time area issues

frame
Scope
 The study will focus on …
 The coverage of this study .

 The study covers the…

 The study focuses on …

 It includes …

 It is concerned with ..

 The study consists of …

Scope and Limitations
Limitations =
constraints
Not within the Not covered
control of the by the study
researchers
Limitations
 This study is limited to …
 The study does not cover ….

 The investigators limited this research

to …
 It does not seek to include …
REVIEW OF RELATED LIT AND
STUDIES
THE REVIEW
Last part of the “Introduction”
 THE REVIEW

 It aims to gain insight into the aspects

of the problem that are critical and
controversial.
 This part provides the investigator a
background regarding the aspects
which have been studied and not yet
studied.
 THE REVIEW

 The researcher compares between

what should be read and included in
the study and what should not be read.
 The investigator is required to read all

literature and studies partially and

closely related to the study.
THE REVIEW

conceptual Readings,
concepts, etc
RRL
research Studies,
findings, etc
 THE REVIEW

 In research writing, review of related

Literature is divided into two parts.

 (1) Related Readings and Literature

 (Conceptual)

 (2) Related Studies

 (Research)
WHY DO WE REVIEW?
Tell me why...
 WHY DO WE REVIEW?

 Eliminate “reinventing the wheel”

 Reveals gaps in knowledge

 Provide basis for research design

 Places your study in perspective

 Evaluate various studies

HOW DO WE REVIEW?
No to in toto
 HOW DO WE REVIEW?
It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end
with a single, coordinated theme.
It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many
research studies. You will analyze research reports
by key words.

The final product will be a synthesis — a smooth

blending — of selected articles built around the
key words of your study.
 HOW DO WE REVIEW?
It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end
with a single, coordinated theme.
It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many
research studies. You will analyze research reports
by key words.

The final product will be a synthesis — a smooth

blending — of selected articles built around the
key words of your study.
WHAT WILL WE REVIEW?
Sources of Data
SOURCES OF DATA

Primary
• Journal Articles, Interviews, Lectures,
Conferences, the like

Secondary
• Books (usually), encyclopedia,
dictionaries, the like
SOURCES OF DATA

 Journals
Current,hot, popular
Written by experts who have
done research
Focused
SOURCES OF DATA

 Journals
Current,hot, popular
Written by experts who have
done research
Focused
SOURCES OF DATA

ScienceDirect
BioMed Central

PubMed

PNAS
 SOURCES OF DATA

Plos Biology
Landes Bioscience

Springer (SpringerLink)

Phil Journ Sci

Phil Agri Sci

Science Diliman
SOURCES OF DATA

Primary
• Journal Articles, Interviews,
Lectures, Conferences, the like
Secondary
• Books (usually), encyclopedia,
dictionaries, the like
THE library
SOURCES OF DATA

 Books
In-depth coverage
Written by
specialists/scientists
Some are not current
Logically and
coherently arranged
SOURCES OF DATA

 Encyclopedia
Answers specific factual questions
Written by specialists/scientists
Some are not current
THE internet
SOURCES OF DATA

The internet is a convenient and


easy source of info but there is a
need to assess the reliability of
the sources.
How does information get onto the
Web anyway?
 1994 – 1995 - most of the information on
the internet was posted by scientists,
educators, students and the government.
 Later - commercial use of the Web has
exploded and so has the posting of
hobby pages or personal home pages.
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Wikipedia

Isa “wiki” site
Maintained by the public
Questionable reliability in some
articles
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Posts by educational

groups
High school projects
College projects
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Info by the Government


Statistics
Studies

www.dost.gov.ph
www.denr.gov.ph
 SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

 Non-profit organizations
provide information relevant
to their key issues.

 greenpeace.org
SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Full-text versions of works whose


copyright has expired
BUT, why do we sometimes find it
difficult to search the net?
Why?
 What’s missing?

 The problem is not that of "finding anything"

but finding a particular thing.
 When your search term in one of the
popular search engines brings back
130,000 hits, you still wonder if the one
thing you're looking for will be among them.
What’s missing?

Copyrighted Most journal magazines

books articles

newspapers summaries
 How to search?

 Learn how search syntax works

Search Help
 Use Advanced Search
File
type
Date
Country, etc.
Search Syntax

 Use “ ” marks.
Example: air pollution vs.
“air pollution”
Example: botox vs. Botox
 Advanced Search

 Very useful, saves time, more refined

search

 Different in journal databases and in

search engines (Google, etc.)
Search Syntax

 Use “filetype:pdf”
Scientific journals
free
Descriptors

Found below the abstract of



journal articles

Help you search for similar



documents
 SOURCES OF DATA

 Reading critically
 Reasoning analytically

 Should be done whether the

materials they use are in print or
electronic