2.

2 Movement
And Exchange Of
Gases In The
Human Body

Contoso 1
S u i t e s
 The air inhaled in the alveolus has a higher
concentration of oxygen compared to the
concentration of oxygen in the blood. Therefore,
oxygen will diffuse through the wall of the
alveolus into the wall of capillaries and into the
blood.
Carbon dioxide released by the cells diffused into
the books capillaries and is transported to the
alveolus to be removed during exhalation.
A dark red-coloured compound (in our red blood
Blood with oxyhaemoglobin is transported from
cells) known as haemoglobin will combine with
the lungs to the heart and pumped to the other
oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin which is an
parts of the body.
unstable compound and bright red in colour.
When blood reaches the area around the body
In the body cells, the diffused oxygen oxidizes
cells that has a low concentration of oxygen, the
glucose molecules Into carbon dioxide,water and
oxyhaemoglobin being an unstable compound
energy through the process of cellular
will decompose to release oxygen molecules and
respiration.
change back into haemoglobin.
Contoso 2
S u i t e s
 ADAPTATIONS OF
THE ALVEOLAR
STRUCTURE

Thickness Of
Walls Of Moist Wall Of Network Of
Alveolus And Alveolus Capillaries Surface Area
Blood Covering The Of Alveolus
Capillaries Alveolus

- Allows
- Increases the respiratory - Increases the - Provide a
rate of diffusion gases to rate of large surface
of gases across dissolve and gaseous are for the
the walls of diffuse into exchange exchange of
alveolus and the blood between the gases
blood alveolus

Adaptations of
capillaries
capillaries

The Alveolar
Structure

Contoso 3
S u i t e s
 Cigarette
tar

2.3 Health of
Human
Carbon
monoxide

Respiratory Sulphur

System dioxide

Nitrogen
dioxide
Substances That are Harmful to
Human Respiratory System
Haze,
pollen
and dust

Contoso 4
S u i t e s
Cigarette • Cigarette tar in inhaled air sticks to and kills

Tar cells in the air passage such as:

# thorax # pharynx # epiglottis
# larynx # bronchi # bronchioles
# alveoli
Contoso 5
S u i t e s
• Usually found in: #cigarette smoke
#exhaust gases of motor vehicles
• A colourless and odourless gas
• When carbon monoxide diffuses from alveoli into the blood
capillaries, it will combine chemically with haemoglobin to
form carboxyhaemoglobin ( a stable compound )
Carbon monoxide + haemoglobin

carboxyhaemoglobin
Carbon
• causes shortage of oxyhaemoglobin in blood to transports
oxygen to body cells
Monoxide
• Causes the cells unable to produce the required amount of
energy through cellular respiration

Contoso 6
S u i t e s
• Normally produced by the combustion
of coal from power stations
• A colourless gas with a pungent smell
• It irritates the air passage causing :
#cough #difficulty in breathing Sulphur
#bronchitis #lung cancer
Dioxide

Contoso 7
S u i t e s
• Normally produced by the combustion of
feuls such as petrol and diesel in motor
vehicles
• A brown-coloured gas with a pungent
smell
• Irritates the air passage and causes :
#cough #asthma Nitrogen
#difficulty in breathing Dioxide

Contoso 8
S u i t e s
• Refers to solid particles which are fine,
light and suspended in the air
• Haze and dust are produced from:
#motor vehicle exhaust
#open burning #forest fires
Haze,
Dust
• Pollen released from anthers into the air is
carried by the wind over long distances in

and
all directions
• Haze , dust and pollen irritate the
respiratory system and cause respiratory
diseases (asthma) Pollen
Contoso 9
S u i t e s
Respiratory Diseases and Their Symptoms
Asthma emphysema bronchitis Lung cancer

• Symptoms • A condition where the • An inflammation of • Caused by cancer causing

include: alveoli in the lungs are the bronchus caused chemical substances
damaged by harmful known as carcinogens
substances In the air by tar and irritants in which are inhaled during
• shortness of • Cannot be cured but the cigarette smoke breathing
breath symptoms can be • Tar from cigarette smoke
controlled • Symptoms include: contains various
• wheezing carcinogens
• coughing • Shortness of breath
• Symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath • Persistent coughing • Symptoms include:
• Pain when breathing and • insomnia • Persistent coughing
feeling tired from doing • Blood in phlegm
even a light task • Pain when breathing

Contoso 10
S u i t e s
• A person who does not smoke but inhales cigarette
smoke is known as a passive smoker.
• The harmful effects of cigarette smoke to the human
respiratory system do not only happen in the body of the
smoker but also in the body of the passive smoker.

Effects of
Smoking
on The
Lungs
Contoso 11
S u i t e s
EFFECTS OF SMOKING TO THE BODY Contoso 12
S u i t e s