Cell Respiration

Contents
Respiration
Releasing energy
Aerobic respiration
Rate of respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Summary activities
1 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

Energy for life
Every living cell in your body needs energy. The average
adult has about 50 million million cells – that’s a lot of energy!
energy
Where does all this energy come from?

In body cells, the energy needed for life comes from the
chemical energy stored in glucose.
What does the body need for releasing energy?
The body’s energy-releasing process depends on the

digestive system and the breathing system.
What are the substances supplied by these systems?
glucose is the fuel oxygen

supplied
? by is supplied
? by
the digestive system the breathing system
How does the body’s energy-releasing process compare

with releasing energy from wood?
Transport around the body
Glucose and oxygen enter the body
in different ways, but are needed at
the same destinations.
Where are these substances needed

and how do they get there?
Glucose and oxygen are

transported around the body
by the circulatory system.
Blood flowing in blood vessels
takes these important substances
to where they are needed – the
body’s cells.

The body’s energy-releasing process
In the body’s cells, the chemical energy stored in glucose
is usually released by a chemical reaction with oxygen.
What is this energy-releasing process called?
respiration
glucose energy
oxygen
Why does every living cell need a constant supply of

glucose and oxygen?
Contents
Respiration
Releasing energy
Aerobic respiration
Rate of respiration
Summary activities

What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration is the process used by the body’s cells
to release the chemical energy stored in glucose.
When oxygen is involved in this energy-releasing process,
it is called aerobic respiration.
What do you think aerobic means?
aerobic = ‘with oxygen’
Aerobic respiration is an efficient process that generates

enough energy to supply the whole body.
Our bodies perform aerobic respiration most of the time,
as long as the supply of oxygen remains high enough.

Aerobic respiration: summary
Summarize the process of aerobic respiration in a sentence.
Aerobic respiration is a chemical reaction

that takes place in all living cells,
in which glucose reacts with oxygen
to produce carbon dioxide and water
and stored chemical energy is released.
Aerobic respiration is a chemical reaction so it can also be

summarized in a word equation.
What is the word equation for this vital chemical reaction?

Aerobic respiration: word equation
glucose carbon
oxygen dioxide water energy
energy
carbon
glucose dioxide
oxygen water

Aerobic respiration: word equation activity

Aerobic respiration: quiz

Contents
Respiration
Releasing energy
Aerobic respiration
Rate of respiration
Summary activities

The rate of respiration
Aerobic respiration is a chemical reaction and so has a rate.
glucose carbon
Is the rate of this reaction always the same?
Your body requires different amounts of energy depending

on how active you are. So the rate of aerobic respiration
changes depending on the amount of energy needed.
During what type of activities, does the rate of aerobic

respiration increase so that more energy can be released?

How much energy is needed?
When does the body need to release more energy?
not very active

= low energy
requirements
very active
= high energy
requirements
During which type of activities is the rate of aerobic

respiration higher?

Different energy needs
These extremely different activities both need energy from
aerobic respiration but is the rate of this reaction the same?
low energy need high energy need

= low rate of = high rate of
aerobic respiration aerobic respiration
How does the body respond to these different rates of
aerobic respiration?

The body’s response to low energy needs
During sleep, the body’s energy needs are low

and so the rate of aerobic respiration is slow
but steady.
How does this affect the amount of glucose
and oxygen needed?
low rate of low demand slow heart

low energy
aerobic for glucose and breathing
need
respiration and oxygen rates
How does this affect the heart rate and breathing rate?
Under these resting conditions, the body has plenty of time
to inhale oxygen and the blood is able to supply enough
glucose and oxygen to the body’s cells.

The body’s response to high energy needs
During running, the body’s energy needs are high

and so the rate of respiration increases to meet
this demand.
How does this affect the amount of glucose and
oxygen needed?
high rate of high demand fast heart

high energy
aerobic for glucose and breathing
need
respiration and oxygen rates
How does this affect the heart rate and breathing rate?
Under these tougher conditions, the body has to work hard
to supply enough glucose and oxygen to the body’s cells
for aerobic respiration to produce enough energy.
Contents
Respiration
Releasing energy
Aerobic respiration
Rate of respiration
Summary activities

Not enough oxygen!
Most of the time the body’s cells has a good supply of oxygen
and is able to release energy by aerobic respiration.
glucose carbon
Sometimes, during strenuous

exercise, the breathing rate
and blood flow are not able
to deliver enough oxygen
to the body’s cells.
How does this affect the
release of energy?

Not enough oxygen!
If the body is not able to supply enough oxygen, aerobic

respiration cannot take place and energy is not released!
glucose carbon
The body still has a supply of

glucose, so how does it
continue to get energy?
When there is not enough
oxygen, energy can still be
released from glucose by
another type of respiration
called anaerobic respiration.

Respiration without oxygen
During anaerobic respiration, glucose breaks down into a
substance called lactic acid and some energy is released.
lactic
glucose acid energy
What do you think anaerobic means?
anaerobic = ‘without oxygen’
Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown

of glucose and so releases less energy than aerobic
respiration.
Our bodies can only release energy without oxygen for a
short period of time.
Anaerobic respiration: word equation
lactic
glucose acid energy
energy
lactic
glucose acid

The problems with anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is useful to the body when energy is
needed in a hurry.
lactic
glucose acid energy
There are two problems with anaerobic respiration:

 Anaerobic respiration releases much less energy from
glucose compared to aerobic respiration.
 Lactic acid is a poisonous waste product.
Why is anaerobic respiration not the best way to get energy

from glucose?

Why is lactic acid so harmful?
Lactic acid is the product of anaerobic respiration and is
harmful because it can stop muscles from doing their job.
If lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, it stops muscles from

contracting and relaxing and they become fatigued.
The muscles ache and the body experiences cramp, which
forces the body to stop what it is doing and rest.
Why can anaerobic respiration only be carried out for short
periods of time?

Recovery and getting rid of lactic acid
After anaerobic respiration, the body is in
recovery and must get rid lactic acid.
lactic
glucose acid energy
The body is now at rest but the breathing rate

and heart rate remain high. Why does this happen?
Oxygen is needed to get rid of lactic acid by turning it
into carbon dioxide and water.
lactic carbon
acid oxygen dioxide water
Why do the breathing and heart rates return to normal

after a few minutes of recovery?
Oxygen debt – build up
During aerobic respiration, muscles get energy from
glucose by ‘paying’ for it with oxygen.
glucose carbon
During anaerobic respiration, muscles get energy from

glucose but do not ‘pay’ for it with oxygen.
lactic
glucose acid energy
This means that an oxygen debt is created.

When and how is this oxygen debt ‘paid off’?

Oxygen debt – pay off
The oxygen debt caused by anaerobic
respiration is paid off during the recovery
period after exercise.
It is the oxygen needed to get rid of lactic

acid that pays back the oxygen debt.
lactic carbon
acid oxygen dioxide water
oxygen
to pay back
‘oxygen debt’
When is the oxygen debt completely paid off?

Anaerobic respiration: word equation activity

Contents
Respiration
Releasing energy
Aerobic respiration
Rate of respiration
Summary activities

Which type of respiration?

Multiple-choice quiz

What is ATP?
ATP- Adenosine TriPhosphate - is a molecule that
stores and releases the energy in its bonds when the
cell needs it.
Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed,

breaking a bond, turning ATP into ADP (adenosine
diphosphate).
The energy is stored in

the bond when ADP turns
back into ATP – when a
phosphate
group is added.

How much ATP?
So how much ATP is produced during each type of

respiration?
Aerobic Respiration – (Cellular)
glucose carbon
36 ATP
C6H12O6 6O 2 6CO2 6H2O

How much ATP?
Anaerobic Respiration – (also known as Fermentation)
2 ATP
You don’t need to know the chemical equation for this.
Fermentation takes place in plant cells as well as animal

cells, but the products made are different:
alcohol 2 ATP

Cell Respiration

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Contents

1 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

Where does all this energy come from?

The body’s energy-releasing process depends on the

glucose is the fuel oxygen

How does the body’s energy-releasing process compare

Where are these substances needed

Glucose and oxygen are

4 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

Why does every living cell need a constant supply of

6 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

aerobic = ‘with oxygen’

Aerobic respiration is an efficient process that generates

7 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

Summarize the process of aerobic respiration in a sentence.

Aerobic respiration is a chemical reaction

Aerobic respiration is a chemical reaction so it can also be

8 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

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Is the rate of this reaction always the same?

Your body requires different amounts of energy depending

During what type of activities, does the rate of aerobic

13 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

not very active

During which type of activities is the rate of aerobic

14 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

low energy need high energy need

15 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

During sleep, the body’s energy needs are low

low rate of low demand slow heart

16 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

During running, the body’s energy needs are high

high rate of high demand fast heart

18 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

Sometimes, during strenuous

19 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

If the body is not able to supply enough oxygen, aerobic

The body still has a supply of

20 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

What do you think anaerobic means?

anaerobic = ‘without oxygen’

Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown

22 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

There are two problems with anaerobic respiration:

Why is anaerobic respiration not the best way to get energy

23 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

If lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, it stops muscles from

24 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

The body is now at rest but the breathing rate

Why do the breathing and heart rates return to normal

During anaerobic respiration, muscles get energy from

This means that an oxygen debt is created.

26 of 36 © Boardworks Ltd 2004

It is the oxygen needed to get rid of lactic

When is the oxygen debt completely paid off?

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