Alternative Energy Storage System

for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Tobias Andersson, Jens Groot,

Helena Berg, Joachim Lindström, Torbjörn Thiringer

1
 Purpose and Method
• Hybrid electric vehicle: demands on an efficient
energy storage system

2
 Energy Storage
• Energy- and power density

3
 Supercapacitor
A.k.a Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC), Ultracapacitor,
Electrochemical Capacitor (EC)

• Extremely high capacitance (kF)

• Low voltage (< 3 V)

 1000-2000m2/kg

A
C  10-100 F/g
d
5Å

4
Battery - Supercapacitor

5
Simulation of the system

6
Performance Parameters

• Reducing of RMS-current

• Reducing of power losses in

battery

• Total energy efficiency

7
 Load Cycle (ECE15-L)
10

• Acceleration
0

-5 • Constant velocity
P[W/kg]

-10

-15
• Regenerative braking

-20

-25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
t[s]

8
 Control Strategy
2000

1000
• Low pass filtering
0

• Braking energy to EC
P[W] -1000

-2000 • Loading of EC
-3000

EC Power
Load Power
Battery Power
-4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t[s]

9
 Control Strategy
2000

1000
• Low pass filtering
0

• Braking energy to EC
P[W] -1000

-2000 • Loading of EC
-3000

EC Power
Load Power
Battery Power
-4000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t[s]

10
Test System

11
 Test System
• EC
10 units 2.5V, 2600F /
28 units 2.0V, 2700F

• Battery
50V / 100V, 60Ah
NiMH

• DC/DC
160 kW, 330A
2-quadrants DC/DC
converter

12
 Results
- simulations and experiment
4000
Load Power Sim.
Load Power Exp.
3000 Battery Power Exp.

• Battery, 100V 2000

Battery Power Sim.

1000

• EC, 56V 0

P[W] -1000

-2000

• Equal to car -3000

with the weight -4000

of 250 kg -5000

-6000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

t[s]

13
 Results
- system performance

Performance Parameters Experiment Simulation Unit

RMS battery current 56 55 % of reference case
Power losses i battery 26 27 % of reference case
Total energy efficiency 95 94 %

14
 Example
-Simplified system for a city bus, 220kW

NiMH-battery + EC NiMH-battery
Battery 310 kg Battery 1150 kg
EC 280 kg DC/DC 45 kg
DC/DC 90 kg

Total weight 680 kg Total weight 1195 kg

Weight reduction: 43 %
15
 Conclusions
Drawbacks Advantages
• Complexity • Weight reduction
• Difficult to estimate • Improved battery lifetime
the price • Reduced temperature
• Not tested in full scale dependency
• EC could replace batteries

16